黄山导游词英文介绍(汇集20篇)

各位游客：

大家好!欢迎大家瞻仰炎帝陵。

炎帝陵为举世闻名的始祖三陵之一，它位于湖南省炎陵县城西鹿原陂，陵区面积5平方千米，是海内外炎黄子孙祭祖朝圣、旅游观光的胜地。

炎帝神农氏是中华农耕文化的创始者，为中华民族的始兴和繁衍作出了开创性的伟大贡献。炎帝生于湖北的隋州，长于宝鸡姜水，名叫姜石年。晚年巡视南方，体察民情，为民宣医疗疾，因误食断肠草而“崩葬于长沙茶乡之尾”的炎陵县鹿原陂。史载汉代以前有帝陵，唐代奉祀以昌，宋乾德五年(公元967年)宋太祖登基夜梦炎帝，遂于鹿原陂找到帝陵，“立庙陵前，肖像而祀”，至清朝末年，历代帝王祭祀炎帝陵200多次。炎帝陵历经一千零三十几年，经过20多次大的修葺，1954年春节因香客失火，主殿、行礼亭全被焚毁。

现在的炎帝陵大殿就是1986年整修的，1996年被列为全圄重点文物保护单位。

介休抗日民主政府旧址纪念亭绵山位于介休、灵石、沁源三县交界处，地势险峻，易守难攻，历来是兵家必争之地。1938年2月15日日军第二十师团侵占介休县城。失陷前，牺盟特派员_敏，县长张德含带领党、政、军等500余人，撤出县城，转移到绵山，就在这三孔窑洞里，建立了“介休抗日民主政府”。此后铁索岭便成为连接晋冀鲁豫与革命圣地延安的一条秘密通道，护送了大批前往延安的革命干部。薄一波、陈赓以及爱国将领方震武等曾在这里开展工作，指挥战斗。1940年，形势进一步恶化后，抗日民主政府又转移至绵山银空洞。

抱腹岩为绵山百余处岩洞之首，因形如两手抱腹，所以又叫抱腹岩。抱腹岩之腹大，大得惊人：抱二百余间殿宇禅房及一两万名游人于腹内而不显得拥挤。抗战时期，介休抗日民主政府常在这里召开全县军民大会，部署生产和战斗任务。抱腹岩是天然生成的超大型礼堂。抱腹岩坐东面西，为一高约18丈，长约45丈，深约15丈的巨形岩洞。岩洞分上下两层，上层是两个直角排列的大岩洞，很象砖圈的“无量殿”，路断处有木栈道沟通，自下仰望殿宇参差，勾栏蜿蜒，犹如空中楼阁。更引人注目的是岩洞顶壁的无数个鸟洞和悬挂着的铜铃。抱腹岩挂铃为绵山一绝，每逢庙会，许了愿的善男信女们便雇人从岩顶将挂铃者用绳子吊在半空，然后利用前后晃动的力量将人悠进洞内，用铁钩钩住顶壁打楔系铃。操作完毕后再用绳子把挂铃者放到岩下。

场面惊心动魄，令人叹为观止。清代康熙年间介休文人王清在《抱腹岩》一诗中写道：“寺古云常在，岩空势欲倾。此中真得地，以外纵浮名。鸟拂金铃渡，僧缘石隙行。坐听梵响处，花雨落无声”，可谓绘声绘色的抱腹岩写照。其中“鸟拂金铃渡，僧缘石隙行”更成为大家广泛传颂的名句。很久以前，绵山中生活着一种叫吻的野兽，非常凶猛，常常伤害过往行人。附近的村民靠山吃山，以采药为生，而野兽封山，村民们无不头痛万分/于是推荐了一个身体强健，狩猎本领很强的年轻人前去降吻。这个年轻人想只凭自身的力量那太微不足道了，如果能得到神灵的保佑，一定会万无一失。于是他就去求空王佛保佑，祈求老人家赐给自身一件法宝，以降服吻兽。年轻人祈祷完毕，正要走时，忽然看见供案上金光闪闪，霎时满殿生辉。走近一看，原来是只铜铃，铜铃上还有一道经文。这时殿内突然有个缥缈的声音：“念此咒，便可降住怪兽，快快去吧。”年轻人这才恍然大悟，慌忙叩拜点化之恩。后来果然降服了吻，大家为了感谢空王佛的慈悲之心，就把这个铜铃挂在抱腹岩的岩顶上，让它为大家消灾免祸。

空王古佛主要奉祀空王古佛。空王为过去世之一佛，也是佛的总称。佛经说，佛为万法之王，所以又叫空王。阿弥陀佛在大家心目中的地位是很高的，但他在作比丘时，常拜空王佛眉间的白毫相，并因此而成佛。可见空王佛的地位之高。他的两侧为文殊、普贤、观音、地藏四位菩萨。两旁是他的弟子摩斯、银空。殿前门廊是两位护法神——哼、哈二将。因哼将鼻喷光气，哈将口吐白光，故称哼将和哈将。

空王殿空王佛是云峰寺以及整个绵山供奉的佛祖，是汉人中最早成佛的。他俗名田志超，曾对佛教禅宗临济宗的弘扬作出了巨大贡献，后圆寂坐化成佛。殿内这尊佛像是他的包骨真身，是佛转世后又成佛的空王佛。相传，他为反抗官府及地痞的盘剥离家出走，几经辗转，来到了介休城内的华严寺。他每日在寺内打坐念经，修行养性。农忙时节，全城的农户都忙着去田间干活，但人手太少，又怕误了时日，非常着急，都先后来求志超帮忙。志超有求必应，一口气答应了二十八家，并照帮不误。后来他又云游到义棠弘济寺，因为寺前要修塔，但用水很困难，于是又指挥兔、鹿用铜钟抬水，加快了工程进度。最后他选择了绵山，受到了善男信女的广泛膜拜。唐贞观十二年(戊戌)，李世民向绵山求雨，志超命正在做饭的弟子摩斯将淘米水向西南方向洒去，于是长安一带普降甘露，干旱解除，万民欢腾。以后每逢大旱，晋陕一带百姓都要来绵山祈雨，可谓盛极一时。后来为感谢志超

“解民倒悬”之恩，李世民率众臣朝山拜佛。志超的弟子银空在抱腹岩接驾告师父已圆寂西归。李世民未能如愿，不禁仰天长叹：“此行空望佛矣!”顿时天空出现了“空王佛”字样。于是唐太宗下旨在这里修建了空王殿。这个殿又叫石佛殿，殿内所有构件，包括台坐、门拱均为石雕，保持了唐代以前的风格。

慈云法雨御匾光绪二年(丙子)、三年(丁丑)，三晋七十八州县大旱。山西巡抚曾国荃设坛祈雨，空王佛显灵，天降大雨。介休义棠籍人、工部屯田员外郎李敦愚等奏请朝廷颁发匾额。光绪责成南书房翰林恭书匾额一方，交曾国荃悬挂于抱腹岩空王古佛正殿。

阿弥陀佛殿很久很久以前，这里是一间闲置的僧舍，对面的僧舍则住着一位住持。他每天晚上念诵经文直至深夜。一日，见对面屋内通亮，他以为是着了火，提着水桶就往过跑。进去一看，原来上面端坐着阿弥陀佛，两边分别为左、右胁士大势至菩萨和观世音菩萨，正在给六菩萨说法。他静听一夜，终于大彻大悟，成了一位得道的僧人，化缘于四方。后又回到绵山为阿弥陀佛修建了此殿。本殿供奉阿弥陀佛，净土宗称他为“西方极乐世界的教主”，因他能接引虔心向佛的人往生“西方净土”，所以又称接引佛。两边的胁士分别是大势至菩萨和观世音菩萨，合称西方三圣。两旁分别是其他六位菩萨：师子戏、师子奋、师子幡、师子作，坚勇精进，击金刚慧菩萨。殿前门廊下站立的分别是帝释天、吉祥天，他们的职责是保护佛祖、佛法和出家人。弥勒高僧殿正中供奉弥勒佛，是竖三世佛的未来佛。大家印象中的弥勒佛都是笑口常开的大肚弥勒佛形象，而我们这里供奉的则是弥勒佛的法身。两边所供的十二高僧，他们是佛教五个宗派的代表人物，是罗汉、菩萨和佛的继承人。为什么要在这里修建弥勒殿呢?弥勒曾带领十二高僧来给空王佛做寿，又留下了他的笑口。大家为了纪念，便在这里修建了弥勒高僧殿。殿前廊下两位护法神是伽蓝菩萨和韦驮菩萨。韦驮又叫天韦将军，后因他追回了小偷手中释迦牟尼的佛牙舍利而成为菩萨。

另一位是伽蓝菩萨——关公。讲到这里，大家不禁要问：关圣帝君本是道教之神，刚才在龙头寺还是高台危坐，为何到此又站立在佛殿之前?这里有一段颇为有趣的故事。三国时，关羽曾坐镇荆州，因没有执行“联吴抗曹”的策略而失去荆州，败走麦城，被吴军俘虏遇害。他阴魂不散，悠悠荡荡来到了荆州当阳的玉泉山。一天夜里，三更以后，只见空中关羽骑一匹赤兔马手提青龙偃月刀，大呼“还我头来”。山上有一老僧法名普净，认得是关羽，便以手中拂尘召曰：“云长安在?”关羽当即下马，乘风落于普净座前。普净说：“今将军被吕蒙所害，大呼还我头来，那么被你所斩杀的颜良、文丑等六将之头又向谁去索要?”一席话，问得关羽哑口无言，于是恍然大悟：斩斩杀杀为佛门之大戒，自身与颜良、文丑均属无辜。从此皈依佛门，普净收他为半个佛，为护法大神。从此他忠于职守，成年累月伫立于殿门或山门。

介公祠供奉春秋晋国大夫介之推及其母亲。介之推功不言禄的高风亮节被后人广为传诵，成为千古佳话。当年晋文公寻找介之推，为使之推出山，有人建议：“介之推是个孝子，如果三面举火，他一定会背着老母出山的。”但万万没想到介之推终究没有出来，他和母亲都抱树被火焚羽化。后晋文公为旌表介之推，封绵上田为介田，并将烧剩的柏树做成木屐穿在脚上，口中不停地念叨“足下”。直到现在，每逢他的忌日——冬至后一百零五天，家家吃冷食，禁烟火，为“寒食节”。两千年来，寒食之俗盛传不衰。历代写寒食节的诗词甚多，仅《全唐诗》就有一百三十余首。那么为什么把介公祠建在了偏殿呢?那是在清代乾隆年间，今河南省有位读书人，名叫品公滋，读书很是用功，头悬梁，锥刺股无一没有使用过，就是《诗经》《尚书》也能倒背如流。只是他运气不佳，屡试不中

，为此卧床不起。他的这种执着被介之推得知后，就托梦给他，“来年你一定要进京赶考，介休就是你施展才华的地方”，说完便飘然而去了。吕公滋照梦而行，果然中了进士，于乾隆四十一年作了介休知县。一到任，他便决定为介之推修庙。但这里已经有了规模宏大的介神庙，很是惋惜，并不停地自责。这时有人建议：“既然朝拜介神的人很多，我们何不就近在抱腹岩再建个介公祠呢?这样既能满足百姓的需求，又能实现你的夙愿。”就这样，在这里修了这个介公祠。吕公滋为官期间政绩卓著，深受百姓爱戴，以后又改任汾州通判。

空王磨志超与龙母在棋盘洞对奕，大战了五百多个回合。龙母几乎每盘皆输，很是不快，随手将棋子一扔，交棋认输。从此志超便在抱腹寺坐禅修行，成了远近闻名的高僧。而被龙母所扔的这一枚棋子因沾了龙母的灵气，成了妖精。此妖精经常下山，到附近村舍里为非做歹。村民们便来绵山抱腹岩拜见活佛志超，请求为民解危。志超得知是棋子所化，便命徒弟摩斯将它化为一块石磨，让它将功赎罪。从此我们这里就有了这样一个“空王磨”。关于“空王磨”的传说，《续高僧传》中有所记载：一年春天，青黄不接，绵山寺庙中的粮食只剩六担了，只能维持十几天的生活。但使用“空王磨”，从春到夏，每天磨五斗，共应磨九十石，但只用了四石，六担粮食还剩两石。僧大家很惊奇，知这是佛祖保佑，于是把多余的粮食做成斋饭，救济民众，帮这一带百姓渡过了灾荒。这里曾经有过煮粥用的“万人锅”，可惜现已丢失。

龙池池内生水，平时供寺僧和游人食用。五龙畈依佛门后，常造福远近的百姓。天旱时，四面八方的人都来这里祈雨，十分灵验。所以绵山一带五谷丰登，大家安居乐业。为此称它为龙池。

释迦殿释迦成佛后，曾云游四方。当来到绵山时，发现这里山青水秀，是一个修行养性的好地方，但也有许多妖魔怪兽。释迦决定通过讲法教化他们，龙众也赶来听法。后来志超择地绵山，为感谢释迦，在这里修建释迦殿。本殿奉祀的就是释迦牟尼佛。释迦牟尼是佛教的创始人，姓乔答摩，名悉达多，释迦族人，是古印度北部迦毗罗卫国(今尼泊尔境内)净饭王的儿子。二十九岁时痛感人世生。老。病、死各种苦恼，舍弃王族生活出家修道。经过六年的苦行。在佛陀迦耶树下“成道”。悟到世间无常和缘起等理，便在鹿野苑开始传教。其后四十五年间，在中印度各地游行教化，信众很多，都尊称他为“佛陀”——觉悟者。八十岁时，在拘尸那城附近的沙罗双树下入灭。他的弟子将他一生所说的教法记录整理，成为经、律、论“三藏”，此后佛教传播范围不断扩大，形成世界性的宗教。两旁分别是文殊、普贤菩萨及两位龙王(龙众的代表)。

铁索岭是由抱腹岩而上的一个高二十余丈的山岭，由岭上“闫王橛”拖下两根铁索，每根长18丈，由300余个铁环连接而成，每个重14斤，两条共重四千余斤。大家背向万丈深渊，面向摩天山岭，手抓铁环，沿75度的斜坡攀援而上，可至绵山峰顶。其惊险程度真不亚于华山千尺幢。介休市委书记冯建平有诗赞曰：“危危铁索岭，穹穹抱腹岩，最是惊魂处，人已崖上悬。”《大唐汾州抱腹寺碑》记载，铁索岭的铁索，始悬于唐代之前。唐代有名诗人贺知章当年就是从岩沟登云梯上抱腹寺，再由铁索岭上到岩顶的。抗日战争时期，游击健儿们经常身背机枪、地雷，肩扛食物攀铁索上下;并曾由这里护送到延安去的干部过封锁线;救援跳伞着陆的美国飞行员。铁索岭是连接晋冀鲁豫与革命圣地延安的一条秘密通道。

大唐汾州抱腹寺碑从抱腹岩沿“云梯”下行约四十五丈，到距沟底约三十余丈的一个方圆的小丘上，便可看见举世闻名的《大唐汾洲抱腹寺碑》。杨仲昌撰文，张晋书丹，僧人思本检校。碑通高九尺，螭首二尺五寸，宽三尺，厚一尺。碑文为隶书，字径一寸，24行，每行50字，共1200字。因年深日久，风化剥落70余字。碑两侧有唐、宋名人题记。曾向唐玄宗推荐李白的有名诗人贺知章题记中有“昔年与亲友俱登抱腹山数重，攀云梯……”的记述。可见此地原有“云梯”。攀云梯到抱腹岩，再绕行到铁索岭下攀二十一丈铁索到绵山上方，最后登上四丈高的摩斯塔，有通天云衢，青云直上。这便是开元二十年碑中所说的“云梯铁索”。碑文主要记述三国曹魏时，高僧迪公筹划经营开发绵山，魏明帝曹睿特诏建抱腹寺等情况。其书法结构宽舒，字迹古朴刚劲，有汉隶遗韵，为唐碑中不可多得的珍品。

棋盘洞在开元碑后距地面六尺。这两个长九尺，高六尺，深六尺的石窟，就是当年唐高僧志超与龙母下棋的地方。右窟内顶部有50个高六寸的石刻雕像，也是唐代文物。两窟内还有一些游人题留，也颇具文物价值。

五龙松五龙为绵山的地方保护神，五龙松是五龙的化身。唐高僧志超入山时，绵山为五龙占据。龙母已知志超为空王古佛转世，便与他在抱腹岩下棋盘洞内对奕，有意输掉绵山，让于志超。五龙兄弟暴躁气盛，对志超十分恼怒，就一起作法欲将抱腹岩推倒。高僧志超法力无边，右手托起岩顶，抱腹岩安然无恙。五龙战败归依佛门，成为绵山护法真神。从此五龙便化为五棵长生不老之松，永远镇守在这里。

金大定谢雨碑金大定十一年(1171)，汾州一带久旱不雨，遍地灾荒，民不聊生。汾州军太守王琦久闻绵山龙王很有法力，有求必应，便在衙内摆案祷雨。果然，汾州地境一连数日大雨滂沱，百姓无不称奇感恩。后为感谢龙王降雨救灾之恩，王琦亲率汾州官员并百姓人等前来朝拜，并立此谢雨祭文碑。

大明正德碑邑人任九皐(曾任河北平乡县丞)撰文，强恕子书丹，郭海勒刊，大明正德十三年(1518)悟空、悟禅立石。碑文记载了当年重修空王古佛殿的缘由，介绍了唐代高僧志超成佛的故事，以及唐太宗李世民为感谢“善友解民倒悬”的恩德，于贞观十五年(641)农历三月十七上山朝拜，以及北宋宰相张商英朝山拜佛，明晋恭王朱冈主持重修空王古佛殿的经过。

明王殿当年高僧志超历经艰险，终于来到绵山聚徒弘法。但有很多野兽汲取了绵山之灵气，常出来兴风作浪，扰乱百姓。一次，释迦牟尼云游到绵山，看出志超定会成真，就命十大明王帮志超降妖除魔。志超成佛后，就托梦于百姓，在这里修建了释迦、明王殿。十大明王来到这里，又担负起了保护藏经楼中经书的职责。他们恪尽职责，降妖伏魔。明王受佛的教令而现出忿怒勇猛的形象，以降伏诸恶魔。之所以称明王，是因为明为光明之义，此佛以智慧而明，以智慧摧毁一切魔障。本殿供奉的明王有：一、焰曼得迦大忿怒明王，二、无能胜大忿怒明王，三、钵纳曼得迦大忿怒明王，四。尾觐那得迦大忿怒明王，五、不动尊大忿怒明王，六、吒枳大忿怒明王，七、你罗难拿大忿怒明王，八、大力大忿怒明王，九、送婆大忿怒明王，十、傅日罗播多罗大忿怒明王。该殿塑像为唐代风格，特别是三层悬塑，线条流畅，气韵生动，栩栩如生，堪称精品。

五龙殿五龙为绵山的地方保护神。大家请看，五龙个个位居正中而龙母却被供奉到了一边，这与古代以孝道为重的美德是相违背的。原来这有一段来历：高僧志超入山时，绵山为五龙占据。龙母知道志超为空王古佛转世，便与他在抱腹岩下棋盘洞内下棋，有意输掉绵山。五龙对此表示不满，殿内的塑像便出现了这样的情景。五龙想考验志超是否诚心向佛，便下起了漂泊大雨，大有将抱腹岩冲塌之势。志超临危不惧，镇定自若，右手托起了岩顶，使抱腹岩安然无恙。现在五龙殿前岩顶还留有个巨大的佛掌印。这就是志超用手托山的印记。此殿为明代建筑。殿内还塑有五条龙，其中两条龙的爪里抓着人头。这里还有一个故事。从前这里有两个拦路抢劫财物的歹人，吓得百姓们不敢上山。后来，兴地村一个胆大的年轻人受众人委托，绕后山拜见空王佛。空王佛得知后，便命已皈依佛门的二龙去捉拿，二龙奉命行事，将两人捉拿到此。

毗卢殿正中供奉的是毗卢遮那佛的应身——释加牟尼及他的十大杰出弟子。他们分别是：摩诃迦叶、阿难、目犍连、舍利弗、须菩提、迦旃延、优婆利、罗睺罗、富楼那、阿那律;其中目犍连即目连，号称神通第一。

笑口常开过了塔林，可见一笑口常开的佛山。这是弥勒佛的化身，是年三月十七绵山庙会，弥勒佛赶来赴会。他曾率十二高僧站在此迎接各方佛祖。此后便留在绵山参禅打坐，后打坐之处便有了他们的化身。因弥勒笑口常开，故有“弥勒笑迎四方客”的故事。

嗨，大家好，我是导游__，今天，我们就来到美丽的黄山。

在黄山上，一条石子路呈现在眼前，整个世界好像都只剩下了绿色，抬头一望，望见的似乎只有绿色，因为那得树实在是太绿了。低下头一看，不知名的小草、小花，也不甘示弱，小花散发它的香气，小草拼命让自己长得更绿。

清晨，那是整个黄山最美的时候，一层薄薄的雾，黄山看起来若隐若现，它好像再跟你捉迷藏，朦朦胧胧的样子，美极了。

傍晚，红彤彤的晚霞出来玩了，天空就像一位魔术师，白天蓝蓝的天，现在变得红彤彤的，印在黄山上，这时，就更美了，绿的，还有山的原本颜色，白色、红色，五颜六色的，能不美吗

莲花峰位于黄山中部，玉屏峰西南，东对天都峰。为36大峰之一。海拔1864米，是黄山最高峰，也是华东地区第三高峰。徐霞客在游记中说：莲花峰“居黄山之中，独出诸峰之上”，“即天都亦俯首矣”。他仅凭目测便能得出如此正确的结论，在当时确是了不起的发现。他是指出莲花峰为黄山最高峰的第一人。

黄山风景如画，但多雾多雨，带好雨具。建议步行上山，并要带够食物和水。爬山会消耗较多体力。黄山到处是景，爬山不用急天黑前上山即可，走走停停的感觉最好。真是享受。

女士们、先生们：

非常欢迎大家来中国四大佛教名山之首的五台山旅游观光，现在我们正行进在忻州至五台山的公路上，利用行车时间我先向大家介绍一下五台山概况。

五台山是第一批国家级风景名胜区，位于山西省忻州地区东北部，风景区绝大部分坐落在以台怀镇为中心的五台县境内，有小部分跨繁峙、代县和河北阜平，周边达500余里。五台山的壮美风景在于它的东西南北中五座高峰和奔流不息的清水河，五台山的名胜精华则是它那众多佛教寺庙。

五台山这一名称是对五座山峰的共同特点的形象概况。东西南北中五座高峰的山巅都是高大的缓坡平台，所以叫五台山。五台的海拔高度多在2700米以上，最高的北台海拔达到3058米，为华北第一高峰，素有华北屋脊之称。地处黄土高原的山西，绝大部分地区干旱少雨，而五台山例外。这里山高林深，气候凉爽，降雨较多，植被覆盖率很高，风光秀丽，景色壮观，有清凉山之称，是旅游避暑的胜地。五台山虽然山高谷深，但交通比较方便，有四关一门与外部相通。北部有华严岭鸿门岩关，通往繁峙县境，西部有峨岭关通往代县，东部有龙泉关通向河北阜平，东南有牛道岭关可通盂县、阳泉，南部有大关连通定襄、忻州和太原。

五台山主要是以佛教圣地而名扬天下的。那么五台山是如何成为佛教圣地的呢?东汉明帝永平十一年(公元68年)，印度两位高僧摄摩腾、竺法兰在中国传播佛教，当他们来到五台山，见五座台顶拱围台怀腹地，其山形地貌与释迦牟尼佛的修行地灵鹫山几乎相同，返回洛阳后就奏请汉明帝去五台山修建寺院，明帝准奏颁旨，在五台山修建了大孚灵鹫寺，即今天显通寺的前身，成为与洛阳白马寺齐名的我国最早的佛寺之一，五台山也就成为佛教圣地。从此五台山的佛寺越来越多，香火日盛一日。到南北朝时，五台山已有寺庙200多处，唐代更达到360多处，有僧尼3000余人。但由于唐武宗、周世宗两次大规模灭法，全山佛寺几乎全部被毁。宋、元、明、清，五台山的佛寺逐渐得到恢复和发展，明朝时寺庙已近104处。清朝的康熙、乾隆、嘉庆诸帝均对五台山佛寺极为重视，不断投入巨资予以修建，到清末，五台山共有寺庙122处，其中青庙97处，黄庙15处，僧尼1000多人。

五台山现有寺庙50余座，尽管与历史上不能相比，但在四大佛教名山中仍然是寺庙最为集中，香火最为旺盛的。而且五台山的佛寺，唐、宋、辽、金、元、明、清各代以及民国均有遗存，建筑宏伟，式样繁多，精细严整，手法典型，连续性强，本身就是一部唐代以来中国建筑史，是研究和欣赏中国古建筑的难得场所。另外，寺内佛教造像手法多样，技艺高超，泥塑、木雕、铜铸、玉雕应有尽有，同样是欣赏我国佛教造像艺术发展演变的最佳场所。

前面这个小城叫东冶，东冶镇西北10余里便是我们这次五台之行的第一个游览点南禅寺。

南禅寺：南禅寺到了。我们从南路上五台山，首先游览这座古刹，事实上已经登上了五台山文物的最高峰。因为南禅寺内有我国现存最古老的木结构建筑大佛殿。大家可能知道，山西素有地上文物博物馆的美誉，现存古建筑，其数量之多、价值之高都居全国之首。国家级重点保护的文物单位有35处，省级重点保护的文物单位有284处。宋金以前的木构建筑有106处，占全国同期建筑物的70%以上。山西的古建筑以五台山地区最为集中，而五台山的古建筑又以南禅寺最为古老。

南禅寺位于五台县阳白乡李家村附近小银河一侧的河岸土崖上，庙宇坐北朝南，迎面和背面各有一道山梁，寺旁渠水环绕，林木繁茂，红墙绿树，溪水青山，极为幽静。南禅寺就是在如此美丽的环境中已经存在了1200多年。寺院并不大，占地约3000多平方米，南北长印米，东西宽51米，分两个院落，共有殿堂六座，即大佛殿、东西配殿及南过门殿等。

大佛殿为寺院主体建筑，面宽和进深都是三间，而内里却是一大间，是单檐歇山顶建筑，共用十二根据柱支撑殿顶，墙身并不负重，只起间隔内外和防御风雨侵袭的作用。四周檐柱柱头微微内倾，四个角柱稍高，使得层层伸出的斗拱翘起。这样，大殿既稳固又俏丽，是典型的唐代建筑风格。据大殿横梁上题记可知，此殿重建于唐德宗建中三年(公元782年)，距今已有1220xx年，是中国现存所有木构古建筑的老大哥。这也是南禅寺海内外闻名的主要原因。殿内的塑像都是唐代作品，以释迦牟尼佛为中心，两旁是文殊、普贤二位菩萨，其余为大弟子阿难和迎叶及护法天王等群像，主次分明，错落有致，营造出佛界肃穆而和谐的良好氛围，不论是结跏趺坐于正中的佛主，或者是骑狮的文殊菩萨和乘象的普贤菩萨，抑或是凝神肃立的阿难和迎叶，还是威猛雄壮的护法天王，个个神态自若，表情逼真，若动若静，栩栩如生，都是艺术精品，其风格与敦煌莫高窟彩塑如出一辙。佛坛四周嵌有砖雕70幅，是唐代砖面浮雕艺术杰作，同样颇具艺术价值。置身大佛殿内，犹如进入一座唐代艺术殿堂，不论建筑，还是塑像、砖雕均是稀世国宝。

走出大佛殿，大家可能产生这样的疑问，这样一座唐代建筑为何能够完好地保存下来?答案应从三方面去找。从地势和气候上说，这里高而背风，较为干燥，有利于木构建筑物的完好保存;从所处地理位置上讲，南禅寺远离寺庙最集中的台怀闹区，藏于偏僻山乡之中，不太引人注意，所以能够躲过唐代以后历次大规模灭法和刀兵之劫;最后还要归功于当地人民群众的精心保护，免去了可能发生的其他人为破坏。正是这几方面的原因，从而使南禅寺这座千年古刹得到完善的保存。解放后，国家对古刹极为珍视，列为全国重点保护文物单位，拨专款进行维修，进而使南禅寺得到了更好的保护。

我们的南禅寺之行暂且到此，下面我带大家去欣赏与南禅寺齐名的另一处唐代古建筑佛光寺。

佛光寺：这就是在佛刹中被誉为中华瑰宝的佛光寺，它是一座历史悠久、规模宏伟的佛教寺院。佛光寺东、南、北三面环山，惟西向开阔，寺因山势而建，坐东朝西，整个寺区松柏苍翠，殿宇巍峨，环境清雅;寺院布局疏朗，排列有序。寺内有北魏以来的建筑和许多文物古迹，这在全国都是比较少见的。1961年，佛光寺被国务院公布为第一批全国重点文物保护单位。讲到它的艺术价值和历史价值我们不能不提起它的发现者我国古建筑专家梁思成(近代思想家梁启超之子)先生。

1937年的夏天，梁思成先生等四位教授，兴匆匆地来到五台，在这之前，他们曾去了敦煌，在绚丽多彩的众多壁画中，有一幅五台山图，特别引起他们的注意：画面上，古刹林立，游人不绝，还有一座不曾见到过的宝塔……

在佛光寺，梁思成教授找到了这座塔，与画上的一模一样，1420xx年的风风雨雨，依然健在!它是北魏遗物，双层六角，上实下空，绳纹切砖，有印度的束莲柱。它不仅是我国古建筑的珍品，也是中国和印度古代文化交流的纪念碑。大大出乎梁思成所料的，就是除了这祖师塔，整个佛光寺都是一个古代艺术的新大陆。通过精心研察，测量绘图，写出了论文《记五台山佛光寺的建筑荟萃一寺的魏齐唐宋四个孤例;荟萃一殿的唐代四种艺术》。文章发表以后，轰动了中外建筑学界。佛光寺从此不只是属于中国，也属于世界，有的外国学者公开称呼佛光寺为亚洲佛光。

佛光寺始建于北魏，后来被毁。现在佛光寺的正殿为唐代所建。因其在寺内东部的制高点上，是佛光寺的大雄宝殿，故名东大殿。在五台山是首屈一指的。大殿正中的大佛坛上面有三佛和菩萨胁侍等像三十五尊。佛坛的正中间是降魔释迦像，左边是弥勒佛，右边是阿弥陀佛。释迦、弥勒都有螺发，阿弥陀佛是直发。这三尊塑像，都面颊丰满，眉毛弧弯，嘴唇端正，具有极为显著的唐风。弥勒佛和阿弥陀佛的胸部、腹部的衣裙与结带，和释迦与阿弥陀佛垂在佛座上部的衣招都非常一致，这是唐代的固定形式。菩萨立像均向前倾，腰部微微弯曲，腹部略突起，这是唐代中叶以后菩萨塑像的特性，与甘肃敦煌的塑像同出一范。

另外，供养菩萨均为一足蹲一足跪在高耸的莲座上。这种塑像除了甘肃敦煌石窟和山西大同华严寺以外，在国内还不多见。

佛坛的左梢间又有普贤菩萨骑像，两个菩萨胁侍，獠蛮牵着象，普贤像前有起陀和一个童子像。佛坛的右梢间是文殊菩萨骑狮像，拂林牵着狮子，两个菩萨胁侍。这和通常文殊居左，普贤居右的配置是不相同的。

殿内两梢间的极端前角，都立有护法金刚，形体魁伟，遥对而立;身披甲胄，手持宝剑，怒目而视。与我们在博物馆里看到的唐墓出土的武俑十分相似，只是比出土的武俑高大得多。

佛坛左端金刚的右侧，有一面颊丰满，袖手趺坐，大约40多岁的中年妇女塑像，形态亦宛然如生，……

此外，沿着佛殿两山墙砌台上还排列着五百罗汉塑像。据东大殿前明代嘉靖三十七年(公元1558年)十月二十三日重修佛光寺补塑罗汉碑记云，确系明代遗物。

东大殿内柱额上的几幅拱眼壁画，亦为唐代遗物。其中最为珍贵的是右次间内柱前额上的横幅。横分三组：中间一组以佛为中心，七菩萨胁侍。左右两组以菩萨为中心，其旁边又各有菩萨、天王、飞天等。壁之两端有僧俗供养人像，北面一排是披袈裟的僧徒，南面一列是袍服大冠的文官。内有一人，好像是在权衡长短，那嘴边上的胡须飘然若动，与敦煌画中的人物几乎没有两样。壁画颜色除石绿以外，都是深暗铁青色。各画像的衣纹姿态都极其流畅，具有唐代风韵，而画脸和胡须的笔法，还含有汉画的遗风。

东大殿左右四梁下还有唐人题字，如：敕河东节度观察个置等使检校工部尚书兼御史大夫郑、助造佛殿泽州功曹参军张公长、功德主上都送供女弟子密公遇、执笔人李行儒等字迹，清晰劲沉，实属不易多得的庸人墨迹。

我们刚才介绍的东大殿的建筑，塑像、壁画和墨迹四种艺术，萃聚在此，就是被梁思成先生称为孤例的四绝艺术。

金阁寺：我们从南路进五台山，过收费处牌楼，前行不远，这座立于路北山坡金碧辉煌的庙宇，便是台怀腹地第一大寺金阁寺。这金阁寺位于南台之北、中台之南的金阁岭上，海拔高度达到1900多米，除台顶寺庙外，金阁寺所处地势最高。该寺距台怀镇约十五公里。

金阁寺创建于唐代宗大历五年(公元770年)，是由印度来的大法师不空，根据唐玄宗开元二十四年，江南高僧道义来五台山礼佛，梦幻中看见这里金阁浮空的传说，主持建造的。当时铸铜为瓦，瓦上涂金，以合金阁之圣名，整个寺庙金光灿烂，无比辉煌，从敦煌壁画中至今仍可看到当时金阁寺的盛景。而且，不空大师作为密宗的主要创立者在金阁寺开办道场，译讲密宗仪轨，所以金阁寺在国内外很有声誉，也是古代中国和印度佛教文化交流的实证。

金阁寺现存的寺庙建筑及塑像均为明、清两代和民国年间复修和添补后形成的。整个寺院占地面积21000多平方米，共有殿堂楼房160余间。天王殿里面这前后两重大院，中间用下窑上楼的二层建筑隔开。前院最主要的建筑就是这座二层大阁。阁内所供为观音菩萨，这尊观音铜像高达17.7米，是五台山最高最大的圣像，胸部以上伸人二层阁内，我们必须抬头仰望才能看到观音的容颜。铜像铸于明嘉靖四年(1520xx年)，后人重修时在铜像外贴泥，金妆，另加48臂，号曰千手观音。观音两旁这两尊高大的胁侍像，一男一女，是所谓的观音父母妙庄王夫妇。这是根据元代书法家赵孟畹姆蛉斯苤偌妗豆凼酪羝腥浴返乃捣ǎ垡羰敲钭醯娜鳎忻钌疲杂壮黾摇6捶鹁霞窃兀垡羰枪糯《纫桓龉醯奶樱胁槐r，后来出家修成菩萨。但观音来到中国后，一般塑像和图像多作女相。观音阁两壁这24尊塑像，称为二十四诸天，即24位护法神。原本在印度佛教里只有20位护法神，传人中国后又将道教里的4位神加了进去，这样就有了二十四诸天。观音站坛的西南壁角，还塑有下沼建造金阁寺的唐代宗李豫像，观音菩萨两侧是文殊菩萨和普贤菩萨。

后院主体建筑为大雄金殿，内供三佛是释迦牟尼佛、药师佛、阿弥陀佛，两旁为十八罗汉。

茶马古道风景区位于湖南省益阳市安化县境内，距离益阳市区120公里，景区座落在享有湖南省八大旅游名镇之一的江南镇，属于柘溪国家森林公园腹地与大熊山国家森林公园的交汇处。既是大梅山文化的发祥地，古称“梅山蛮地”;又以完整的茶马古道、历史古迹遗存著称于世。

这里保留着原生态的高山民居和峡谷风光，远离尘世、秀美独特，故被称为“高山之城，茶马遗风”。

绵延不绝的群山古道、神秘原始的马帮部落、岁月沧桑的洞市老街、如龙似虹的风雨廊桥、质朴纯净的山林水涧，妙境天成，惊险刺激的峡谷探险、鬼斧神工……集“雄、奇、险、秀、幽”等特点于一身，有山皆奇、有水皆秀、林秀水美、山高谷深，让游客心驰神往。

关山峡谷，原名峒空峡谷。峡谷内古木参天、山高谷深，是茶马古道必进隘口，高城古寨之门关，故名“关山”，自古以来被视为当地的守护神山，为世人尊崇和保护。峡谷全程3公里。淡黄色木防护栏和灰色石板小道，蜿蜒伸向幽谷，涓涓细流，清澈见底。谷内层岩叠翠，飞瀑流泉;地势险要，巨石林立;危崖高耸，怪石嶙峋;错落有序，气势磅礴。沿途跌宕起伏，有竹排浮桥、栈道飞渡、金壁江山、犀牛脚化石、飞龙瀑布、三才瀑布、穿洞、天梯、天门、关山密境等景观。

黄山英文导游词

good afternoon! ladies and gentlemen! today, with such great joy, on behalf of anhui travel agency. i’d like to extend our warm welcome to all of you, our distinguished guest from the other side of the pacific. please allow me to introduce myself. my name is li xin and i work for anhui travel agency .during your short stay in huangshan, i’ll be your local guide. it’s my honor to be of your service. if you have any request, go ahead! i’ll try my best to help you and make your stay comfortable!

now, i want to say something about your itinerary. you will be here for about 3 days. during these days, you’ll enjoy not only the beautiful scenery of huangshan mountain, but also the ancient huizhou-culture!

first, we’ll visit the most beautiful scenery—mt.huangshan.

ok, we’re heading for the main gate of huangshan. it’s about 1.5 hour’s bus ride. on the way you can enjoy the beautiful scenery and i’d like to give you a brief introduction about mt.huangshan.

huangshan is probably the most notable mountain in china. it’s located in the south of anhui province, and the main scenic area covers 154 square kilometers. mt.huangshan is well-known not only of its magnificence but also its abundant resources and great variety of zoological species, for which it has been listed as a world natural and cultural heritage site in 1990, and also listed as a world geological garden in , which is unique in china!

in ancient times, mt.huangshan known as mt.yishan because the mountain is formed by granite which looks black and grey, and yi in old chinese means “black”, hence the name. but it renamed mt.huangshan in 747 ad in recognition of the legendary huangdi, who was the reputed ancestor of the chinese people and who made magic pills for immortality here.

wu yue is the collective name given to china’s most important mountains which we can also call them the five holy mountains. it’s said that you won’t want to visit any other mountains after seeing the five holy mountains but you won’t wish to see even the five holy mountains after returning from mt.huangshan. this saying which said by xuxiake, a famous traveler over 400 years ago may give us some idea of the beauty and uniqueness of mt.huangshan.

now, after my introduction, are you expecting to feel the graceful bearing! be patient! there’s only half an hour before we arriving. let’s continue.

within so large area, there is a crowd of peaks, 72 of which have names indicating the shapes they resemble. lotus, brightness top and celestial capital are the three major ones, all rising above 1,800 meters above sea level. and it’s well-known for its four wonders, ( i think some of you know some about it, who knows?) yeah, they are the oddly-shaped pine trees., fantastic rocks, sea of clouds and hot springs. now, people also add to the winter snow as the fifth wonder. here i will not introduce one by one and soon you’ll enjoy with your own eyes. mt.huangshan changes its color and appearance with the alternation of seasons, now it’s winter, and we will keep ourselves into a crystal world of frost and ice with sliver boughs and rocks everywhere. don’t be excited, everybody! as a matter of fact there are marvels almost everywhere, especially in the following scenic areas. hot spring, jade screen tower, west sea, north sea, cloud valley temple and pine valley nunnery.

eyes front! ladies and gentlemen, the colorful archway across the street is the main gate of huangshan. we’ll go directly to the north sea scenic area, which is the most important scenic area! so never miss it!

ok, here we are, seeing is believing, let’s get off the bus and bring your camera.

the first sight that comes to us is yungu temple, here we’ll take yungu cable-car to white goose bridge. it’s about ten minutes. oh, come on, then follow me, walk downstairs to start-to-believe peak. along the way we can see several famous huangshan pines: black tiger pine, couple pine, dragon’s claw pine and so on. now, before we climb to the top of peak start-to-believe, for a breathtaking outlook, that is bamboo-shoot peak. do you see? you surely can take a picture.

en, next destination after start-to-believe is peak lion, let’s go! it’s shaped like a sleeping lion from a point of view in north sea hotel. ok, here is dawn-light pavilion, you can see a group of interesting rocks: you see two in the middle resembling two celestials playing chess, on the left is a man in packback, and on the right is a onlooker—a chinese ancient official who watch play. you can see carefully and do you think so? then we’ll reach a refreshing terrace, and you can view a fan—shaped pine cling to the cliff beneath the terrace a nice crowd of pines, a column of stone looking like a person with a big pen, peak rooster and peak rise surrounding you.

arriving at the destination—on the top of lion peak, you can see a rock like a monkey on the flat top of another hill. it’s a very famous rock: a monkey gazing at the sea when there is a sea of clouds.

i expect that after such a long visit you’d like a good rest, and here are the optimum places to see the sunrise. so now we can go back to the north sea hotel to have a rest.

tomorrow we’ll visit brightness top, lotus peak which is the highest peak in huangshan mountain, and the most famous spot—guest-greeting pine, and which is also the sign of huangshan.

ok, ladies and gentlemen, now our itinerary is all finished. first of all, on behalf of my company, my chinese colleagues and myself, i’d like to take this opportunity to express my thanks for your consideration, understanding, tolerance and cooperation.

a few days ago, we met as total strangers, but today, you leave as my friends. i’ve tried my best to satisfy your needs and explained to you what i know about huangshan mountain. however, there are probably still some unfulfilled requests. i hope you’ll leave your comments and suggestion so that we can better our service in the future.

i look forward to seeing you again soon. at last, i bless you in a chinese words:”一路顺风”! a pleasant journey!

Everyones heart has a built in fantasy of Paris, may be the atypical "Notre Dame DE Paris" romantic, maybe its "human comedy" latter-day flashy. Everyone who has been to Paris to evaluate different, some people say it cold, some people say that it is expensive, some say it chaos. But there is one word always are in Paris, that is: vogue. More than one hundred years ago, people in Paris is proud to walk on the champs elysees, led the European way. In this article along the avenue, dotted with these names: the place DE la Concorde, the arc DE triomphe, the Louvre, Notre Dame DE Paris......

On the perfect axis extension, stood a completely different, modern Paris: skyscrapers, glass curtain wall, rush around financiers, like every modern city in the world. Really? It is a model as the arch of the building, and has been dubbed the "la defense, the arc DE triomphe" name. The pride of the Paris people will never forget yesterday, maybe because of this, to always stand in the forefront of fashion in Paris.

Feel about Paris fashions ankles should be a shopping crazy. They knew all about fashion trends, eyes sharp, both quick and accurate. Maybe only have so many senior department store in Paris, so many famous brand stores, can satisfy their unremitting pursuit of fashion.

Paris presents different features in different peoples eyes, if you want to know what she will be how to smile to you, lets go to visit her.

孙中山故居中英文导游词

The Former Residence of Dr. Sun Yat-sen

（孙中山故居）

Ladies and gentlemen,

Good morning! Speaking of Cuiheng Village, Chinese citizens will have a familiar and friendly feeling. It is because this village is the home town and birth place of the man behind Chinas first democratic revolution, Sun Yat-sen. It is located southeast of Nanlang Town, Zhongshan City. It is near the Pearl River to the east, while Qiao Island, Zhuhai City is directly opposite the village, across the South China Sea. Finally, Wugui Hill is directly west of Cuiheng Village. The village is now home not only to Sun Yat-sens former residence, but to a Sun Yat-sen monumental middle school and movie city as well, all of which are related to or named after the father of modern and democratic China .

Besides being rich in history, Cuiheng village is next to mountains and the sea. This good geographical setting and its exquisite natural environment make the villages inhabitants carefree and happy. While walking in the village or stepping onto the Cuishan road, one will feel like he/she is in a forest “paradise” of trees, flowers and birds. Even within the village, you can gaze at the distant hills and cliffs. The vegetation here is well protected, so the forest is verdant and luxuriantly green. Along the two sides of the Cuishan road, the dark green umbrage helps cool the air and provides Cuiheng village with a natural air-conditioner. Even during the sultry summers, you can enjoy the mountains cool breezes and green shade.

Sun Yat-sens former residence is located at the Cuiheng Village and faces west. The residence sits on a 500 square meter area site and is itself 340 square meters. Sun Yat-sen built it with the money sent from Honolulu by his elder brother Sun Mei in1892. We are now standing in front of Sun Yat-sens former residence. The building is a half-timber house and combines Western and Chinese architectural styles with a wall surrounding the courtyard. Its outward appearance imitates a Western building and its upper floor has seven ember ornamental arches. The middle of the houses penthouse is decorated with aureole under which there is an annotated hawk with a silver ring in its mouth. Going inside, we can see that the buildings interior is designed in traditional Chinese architectural style. The parquet is in the middle, while separate penthouses are off to two of the parquets sides. The four brick walls are grey with white line outlining every brick, and the windows each with two leaves open under the-main roof beam. There are doors at all the four sides of the house that lead out to the street. A well is off to the right side of the courtyard, and the area of about 32 square meters surrounding the well is the place where San Yat-sen was born on November 12,1866.

Now we are in the parquet of the former residence. The ornaments of the hall were decorated by Sun Yat-sen himself. Please look at the two kerosene burners put on the abutment; Sun Yat-sen brought them here from Honolulu in 1883. The penthouse off to the right is Sun Yat-sens bedroom. The bedroom still contains his big wooden bed, dresser table and the wooden bench. Sun Yat-sen lived here from 1892 t0 1895 and in 1912. Stepping up to the second floor, the south part of the floor has Sun Yat-sens study. Sun Yat-sens photo, taken when he was 17 years old, hangs on the wall. This study also has some of the things Sun Yat-sen used everyday, such as his desk, chair and iron bed.

Lets return to the courtyard. There is a wild jujube tree off to the left. It was brought by Sun from Honolulu in 1883 and he planted it himself. It grows well. Off to the right, there is a brick raised flowerbed.

There is a big banyan tree in front of the former residence. There Sun Yat-sen used to listen to the stories of the Taiping generals against Qing told by the old farmers who had fought in the Taiping army.

Everyone, that is all. Thank you for visiting Sun Yat-sens former residence!

各位游客，

大家好！提起翠亨村，国人都有一种熟悉而亲切的感觉，因为它是中国民主革命先行者孙中山先生的故乡。它地处中山市南朗镇东南部，东临珠江口伶仃洋，与珠海市淇澳岛隔海相望，西靠五桂山。至今，翠亨村和国父有关的，或者以国父命名的地方有孙中山故居、中山纪念中学、中山影视城。到这里，可以踏寻伟人足迹，缅怀峥嵘岁月。

除了丰富的人文历史内涵，翠亨村傍山滨海，气候宜人，优越的地理位置和优美的自然环境也令游人心旷神怡。在村里漫步，或者走上翠山公路，就如同置身于林木葱茏、鸟语花香的世外桃源中。不用出村，你就可以看到远处峰峦叠嶂，这里的植被保护得很好，满眼苍翠，林木葱茏。在翠山公路两侧，浓绿的树荫带来一阵清凉，这里是翠亨村天然的空调，即便是酷暑时节，在这里你也可以享受山风和绿荫带来的凉意。

孙中山故居位于南朗镇翠亨村，坐东向西，占地面积500平方米，建筑面积340平方米，是孙中山长兄孙眉1892年从檀香山汇款回来，由孙中山主持建成的。故居是一幢砖木结构、中西结合的两层楼房，并有一道围墙环绕着庭院。它的外表仿照西方建筑，楼房上层各有七个赭红色装饰性的拱门。屋檐正中饰有光环，换下雕绘一只口衔钱环的飞鹰。走进楼内，我们可以看到内部设计采用中国传统的建筑形式，中间是正厅，左右分两个耳房，四壁砖墙呈灰砖色，勾出白色间线，窗户在正梁下对开。居屋内前后左右均有门通向街外，左旋右转均可回到原来的起步点。在庭院右边有一口水井，水井周围（约32平方米）是孙中山诞生时的旧房所在地。1886年11月12日，孙中山诞生于此。

现在我们来到了故居的正厅，厅内摆设是孙中山亲自布置的。请看放置在桥台上的两盏煤油灯，这是1883年，孙中山从檀香山带回来的。右边的耳房是孙中山卧室，当年所用的大木床、梳牧台和凳子等，仍旧摆放着。1892 ——1895年、1912年，孙中山都曾在此住过。走上二楼，南边是孙中山的书房，墙上挂着孙中山十七岁时的照片，室内有孙中日常使用过得书桌、台椅、铁床。

回到故居庭院，庭院左边栽植一棵酸枣树，那是孙中山1883年从檀香山带回来种子亲手栽种的，生势茁壮茂盛，右边是砖砌的花台。

故居庭院前的大榕树，是孙中山童年时代听参加过太平军的老人讲述太平天国将领反清故事的地方。

各位游客，孙中山故居就为大家讲解到这儿，谢谢各位的支持！

Dear friends hello, everyone, today I will take you to visit is Beijing north on the edge of the Confucian temple and guozijian, you can see here today, early to wish you happy! Beijing imperial academy is located in Beijing dongcheng district settle door guozijian street (formerly known as cheng Yin street), and the Confucius temple. The imperial overall building sits, distribution on the axis jixian door (door), business (second), coloured glaze memorial arch, construct harmony, yi lun hall, JingYiTing. Things on both sides of the four six hall hall, a traditional symmetric pattern, is the only ancient existing in our country, the central public university construction. Main building of Beijing temple of Confucius is covered with yellow glazed tiles, is the highest building in the feudal society regulation.

(illustrated)

You come with me now I see past the door; Also called lingxingmeng is Confucius temple gate, door width between three and seven deep purlin, single eaves jehiel the top of the hill, basically retained the architectural style of yuan dynasty, past the door on both sides of the connection in the outer wall of the temple, is a city gate. Enter the past the door, right against the face is dacheng door. Dacheng door was established in the yuan dynasty, rebuilt in the qing dynasty, the width between five and nine purlin, deep single eaves jehiel the top of the mountain. The entire building is located on the tall brick stylobate, embossed on the royal standing in the way of high sea dragon pattern, wulong play bead, lifelike. Dacheng in front of the corridor on both sides by 10 shek kwu, each raised from stone carving a poem in ancient safari. This is when the qing qianlong imitation Zhou Xuan Georgian stone relics upon everyone to think in this photograph.

Everybody tell me tight I now the first into the courtyard of the former arranges various matters, that is the emperor, the east of the slaughter pavilion, well pavilions, kitchen god, the dishes that look, that is used to slaughter, cleaning and cooking. On both sides of the library, lent by god for offering Kong Liqi store and prepare offerings.

The second into the courtyard is the center of the Confucius temple courtyard, every time, for the Confucius memorial ceremony here then bell and drum everywhere, deriving euphoria, ceremonial majesty. Dacheng hall is the second into the main architecture of the courtyard, has also been the center of the whole Confucian temple architecture, is the most sacred temple in the Confucius temple. Dacheng hall built Yu Dade after six years, was destroyed in the war, Ming yongle nine years (in the reconstruction, the qing guangxu thirty-two years between the temple by expansion between 7 to 9. Inside the brics floor, in the top group longjing mouth smallpox, their level of regulation is the highest building, comparable to the palace hall of supreme harmony. Temple consecrate Confucius "dacheng them.the most holy king," whore, as both sides have obtain "four with twelve zhe" memorial tablet., ghost lead the case on a statue, jue, You, Bian, beans and other phenomena are the qing qianlong drive makes genuine. Inside and outside the hall hangs 9 to xuantong emperor of the qing emperor kangxi imperial tablets, all is the emperor book probes into four words of Confucius, is precious cultural relics.

The third into the yards most distinctive, Confucius temple is composed of the footprints door, temple worship and things peidian peidian independent complete compound, and the former binary compound segmentation significantly and natural transition, reflects the ancients, the clever conception on the ministry of construction bureau. This group of buildings called the footprints temple, is the home of the five generations of ancestors worship Confucius temple. Built in Ming jiajing nine years, rebuild two years qing qianlong, green glazed tile roof instead of the gray tiles and roof. Chung temple, also known as the five dynasties shrine, width between five and seven deep purlin, before the house has a wide platform, the platform built on three sides with step every tenth level. Temple consecrate Confucius memorial tablet of five generations of ancestors and obtain YanHui, hole Ji, who, mencius memorial tablet of the father of the four ancient Chinese philosophers. Things peidian peidian, located in masonry stylobate, width between three and five deep purlin, single eaves the hanging, in cheng, cheng hao finds brother, zhang zai, Cai Shen, zhou dunyi, zhu six Confucianism, the father of the first.

Watching operas.it comprises three courtyards and buildings with clear level difference and function division, harmony to form a whole set of royal sacrificial architecture community, is a prominent representative of Chinese ancient architecture.

Good rest, the next station is a famous institution of the imperial college, all with me tight now I went to jixian quo zi jians door, the door is the door yard has well pavilions, held on the east side of the door communicates with Confucius. A second - business door, into the quo zi jian is the imperial college of the second into the yard, there are coloured glaze memorial arch, harmony and yi lun hall.

Now you tell me I will stay, let me introduce for you construct harmony and yi lun hall, came slowly into the business with me now to the door, the front is imperial academy two door large coloured glaze memorial arch, it is the only specifically for education in Beijing and set up a memorial arch. Banners are on both sides of the emperor, is a symbol of respecting culture in ancient China from. , located in jixian door are the three four pillars between the hip roof top on the 7th floor type coloured glaze memorial arch, 48 years of qianlong (1783). Is face book "teach jersey won bridge", just as the "university in section view," painting, is the only do not belong to Beijing temple coloured glaze memorial arch

Now, let me explain to you the quo zi jian construct harmony, it is the center of the imperial academy building, built in the axis center of a square in the middle of a circular pool high stage, save spire is a square faced the house. All around to open the door, set 6 steps. Construct harmony around the promenade, all set up delicate Bridges across the pool to make the house and yard are interlinked, this kind of architectural form as a symbol of nature round place. Acceded to the throne after the emperor qianlong, whenever a new emperor, are here to do a lecture, in a show of the central governments emphasis on higher education.

Six hall is on the left, it is located in the monarch harmony of left and right sides of the 33 rooms, collectively known as six don, respectively is: HFM hall, hall, hall, the truth monastery hall, hall of justice, wide industry hall of fame, is gongsheng guo-zi-jian diploma of the classroom. Ask now I have a look at the right of the yi lun hall, it is located in the north of monarch harmony hall, the yuan dynasty, chongwen pavilion, the Ming dynasty yongle rebuilt and renamed yi lun hall, in the early years was the emperor to give lectures, after construction of monarch harmony, to the prison library. You followed me to go now, behind is JingYiTing, it is located in yi lun hall, is the third into the quo zi jian yard. Building the Ming jiajing seven years, and has a drink offering wing wing and the department of industry and seven drive makes word tablet, is a place for drink offering quo zi jian in the office. You see my fingers direction, in between the Confucian temple and guozijian passageway, there is a made up of 189 large stone forest of steles. Stone carving with Confucian classics: zhouyi, "history", the "book of songs", "rites" and "yili", "rites", "spring and autumn zuo zhuan, the biography of the spring and autumn period and the ram," the spring and autumn GuLiang biography ", the analects of Confucius, "xiao", "mencius", "er ya". This writing is the blueprint of yongzheng years jiangsu jintan gongsheng Jiang Heng lasted 12 years and calligraphy. Fifty-six years of qianlong (1791 AD) burring on the monkey made a. All writing a total of more than 630000 words, large scale, our method is good, the accuracy of the content and the seal of fine degrees are better than that of xi an "writing", and in terms of scale is the second largest after xi an forest of steles forest of steles. Legend emperor qianlong life ho-shen, wangjie as President, Peng Yuanrui, liu2 yong as vice-president to textual research. Peng Yuanrui rare books in the song thirteen classics HeDing Jiang Heng calligraphy by the draft, and the popular form of characters to the old style, make the text more complete specification, ancient meaning, qianlong praised, were given taizi Pacific title. This makes ho-shen envy is special, of rights in ones hand he ordered overnight to stone tablets to mend all the old style. Until after the collapse of the declaration and archaic handwriting to repair again, there are pieces of dig on BeiMian traces

Now I first drink offering is to introduce the quo zi jian yuan dynasty famous neo-confucianism Xu Heng, at that time, a student more than 200 people. Students studying here is called "guo-zi-jian diploma", roughly three sources: a scholar in the selection of the right direction guo-zi-jian diploma from all parts of the country, to the further study; Second, foreign students, mostly from Korea and their logic, dispatched, Russia, etc.; 3 it is to "donate", front guo-zi-jian diploma, as long as the money to pay the full, can receive "prison", a guo-zi-jian diploma.

Ok everyone around now, photograph, taken everybody, whats the end of our journey, youll actually Confucius temple and the imperial college have too many things in hope you once again for coming here in a wide-variety of culture, thank you, goodbye everyone!

介休抗日民主政府旧址纪念亭绵山位于介休、灵石、沁源三县交界处，地势险峻，易守难攻，历来是兵家必争之地。1938年2月15日日军第二十师团侵占介休县城。失陷前，牺盟特派员李志敏，县长张德含带领党、政、军等500余人，撤出县城，转移到绵山，就在这三孔窑洞里，建立了“介休抗日民主政府”。此后铁索岭便成为连接晋冀鲁豫与革命圣地延安的一条秘密通道，护送了大批前往延安的革命干部。薄一波、陈赓以及爱国将领方震武等曾在这里开展工作，指挥战斗。1940年，形势进一步恶化后，抗日民主政府又转移至绵山银空洞。

抱腹岩为绵山百余处岩洞之首，因形如两手抱腹，所以又叫抱腹岩。抱腹岩之腹大，大得惊人：抱二百余间殿宇禅房及一两万名游人于腹内而不显得拥挤。抗战时期，介休抗日民主政府常在这里召开全县军民大会，部署生产和战斗任务。抱腹岩是天然生成的超大型礼堂。抱腹岩坐东面西，为一高约18丈，长约45丈，深约15丈的巨形岩洞。岩洞分上下两层，上层是两个直角排列的大岩洞，很象砖圈的“无量殿”，路断处有木栈道沟通，自下仰望殿宇参差，勾栏蜿蜒，犹如空中楼阁。更引人注目的是岩洞顶壁的无数个鸟洞和悬挂着的铜铃。抱腹岩挂铃为绵山一绝，每逢庙会，许了愿的善男信女们便雇人从岩顶将挂铃者用绳子吊在半空，然后利用前后晃动的力量将人悠进洞内，用铁钩钩住顶壁打楔系铃。操作完毕后再用绳子把挂铃者放到岩下。

场面惊心动魄，令人叹为观止。清代康熙年间介休文人王清在《抱腹岩》一诗中写道：“寺古云常在，岩空势欲倾。此中真得地，以外纵浮名。鸟拂金铃渡，僧缘石隙行。坐听梵响处，花雨落无声”，可谓绘声绘色的抱腹岩写照。其中“鸟拂金铃渡，僧缘石隙行”更成为大家广泛传颂的名句。很久以前，绵山中生活着一种叫吻的野兽，非常凶猛，常常伤害过往行人。附近的村民靠山吃山，以采药为生，而野兽封山，村民们无不头痛万分/于是推荐了一个身体强健，狩猎本领很强的年轻人前去降吻。这个年轻人想只凭自身的力量那太微不足道了，如果能得到神灵的保佑，一定会万无一失。于是他就去求空王佛保佑，祈求老人家赐给自身一件法宝，以降服吻兽。年轻人祈祷完毕，正要走时，忽然看见供案上金光闪闪，霎时满殿生辉。走近一看，原来是只铜铃，铜铃上还有一道经文。这时殿内突然有个缥缈的声音：“念此咒，便可降住怪兽，快快去吧。”年轻人这才恍然大悟，慌忙叩拜点化之恩。后来果然降服了吻，大家为了感谢空王佛的慈悲之心，就把这个铜铃挂在抱腹岩的岩顶上，让它为大家消灾免祸。

空王古佛主要奉祀空王古佛。空王为过去世之一佛，也是佛的总称。佛经说，佛为万法之王，所以又叫空王。阿弥陀佛在大家心目中的地位是很高的，但他在作比丘时，常拜空王佛眉间的白毫相，并因此而成佛。可见空王佛的地位之高。他的两侧为文殊、普贤、观音、地藏四位菩萨。两旁是他的弟子摩斯、银空。殿前门廊是两位护法神——哼、哈二将。因哼将鼻喷光气，哈将口吐白光，故称哼将和哈将。

空王殿空王佛是云峰寺以及整个绵山供奉的佛祖，是汉人中最早成佛的。他俗名田志超，曾对佛教禅宗临济宗的弘扬作出了巨大贡献，后圆寂坐化成佛。殿内这尊佛像是他的包骨真身，是佛转世后又成佛的空王佛。相传，他为反抗官府及地痞的盘剥离家出走，几经辗转，来到了介休城内的华严寺。他每日在寺内打坐念经，修行养性。农忙时节，全城的农户都忙着去田间干活，但人手太少，又怕误了时日，非常着急，都先后来求志超帮忙。志超有求必应，一口气答应了二十八家，并照帮不误。后来他又云游到义棠弘济寺，因为寺前要修塔，但用水很困难，于是又指挥兔、鹿用铜钟抬水，加快了工程进度。最后他选择了绵山，受到了善男信女的广泛膜拜。唐贞观十二年(戊戌)，李世民向绵山求雨，志超命正在做饭的弟子摩斯将淘米水向西南方向洒去，于是长安一带普降甘露，干旱解除，万民欢腾。以后每逢大旱，晋陕一带百姓都要来绵山祈雨，可谓盛极一时。后来为感谢志超

“解民倒悬”之恩，李世民率众臣朝山拜佛。志超的弟子银空在抱腹岩接驾告师父已圆寂西归。李世民未能如愿，不禁仰天长叹：“此行空望佛矣!”顿时天空出现了“空王佛”字样。于是唐太宗下旨在这里修建了空王殿。这个殿又叫石佛殿，殿内所有构件，包括台坐、门拱均为石雕，保持了唐代以前的风格。

慈云法雨御匾光绪二年(丙子)、三年(丁丑)，三晋七十八州县大旱。山西巡抚曾国荃设坛祈雨，空王佛显灵，天降大雨。介休义棠籍人、工部屯田员外郎李敦愚等奏请朝廷颁发匾额。光绪责成南书房翰林恭书匾额一方，交曾国荃悬挂于抱腹岩空王古佛正殿。

阿弥陀佛殿很久很久以前，这里是一间闲置的僧舍，对面的僧舍则住着一位住持。他每天晚上念诵经文直至深夜。一日，见对面屋内通亮，他以为是着了火，提着水桶就往过跑。进去一看，原来上面端坐着阿弥陀佛，两边分别为左、右胁士大势至菩萨和观世音菩萨，正在给六菩萨说法。他静听一夜，终于大彻大悟，成了一位得道的僧人，化缘于四方。后又回到绵山为阿弥陀佛修建了此殿。本殿供奉阿弥陀佛，净土宗称他为“西方极乐世界的教主”，因他能接引虔心向佛的人往生“西方净土”，所以又称接引佛。两边的胁士分别是大势至菩萨和观世音菩萨，合称西方三圣。两旁分别是其他六位菩萨：师子戏、师子奋、师子幡、师子作，坚勇精进，击金刚慧菩萨。殿前门廊下站立的分别是帝释天、吉祥天，他们的职责是保护佛祖、佛法和出家人。弥勒高僧殿正中供奉弥勒佛，是竖三世佛的未来佛。大家印象中的弥勒佛都是笑口常开的大肚弥勒佛形象，而我们这里供奉的则是弥勒佛的法身。两边所供的十二高僧，他们是佛教五个宗派的代表人物，是罗汉、菩萨和佛的继承人。为什么要在这里修建弥勒殿呢?弥勒曾带领十二高僧来给空王佛做寿，又留下了他的笑口。大家为了纪念，便在这里修建了弥勒高僧殿。殿前廊下两位护法神是伽蓝菩萨和韦驮菩萨。韦驮又叫天韦将军，后因他追回了小偷手中释迦牟尼的佛牙舍利而成为菩萨。

另一位是伽蓝菩萨——关公。讲到这里，大家不禁要问：关圣帝君本是道教之神，刚才在龙头寺还是高台危坐，为何到此又站立在佛殿之前?这里有一段颇为有趣的故事。三国时，关羽曾坐镇荆州，因没有执行“联吴抗曹”的策略而失去荆州，败走麦城，被吴军俘虏遇害。他阴魂不散，悠悠荡荡来到了荆州当阳的玉泉山。一天夜里，三更以后，只见空中关羽骑一匹赤兔马手提青龙偃月刀，大呼“还我头来”。山上有一老僧法名普净，认得是关羽，便以手中拂尘召曰：“云长安在?”关羽当即下马，乘风落于普净座前。普净说：“今将军被吕蒙所害，大呼还我头来，那么被你所斩杀的颜良、文丑等六将之头又向谁去索要?”一席话，问得关羽哑口无言，于是恍然大悟：斩斩杀杀为佛门之大戒，自身与颜良、文丑均属无辜。从此皈依佛门，普净收他为半个佛，为护法大神。从此他忠于职守，成年累月伫立于殿门或山门。

介公祠供奉春秋晋国大夫介之推及其母亲。介之推功不言禄的高风亮节被后人广为传诵，成为千古佳话。当年晋文公寻找介之推，为使之推出山，有人建议：“介之推是个孝子，如果三面举火，他一定会背着老母出山的。”但万万没想到介之推终究没有出来，他和母亲都抱树被火焚羽化。后晋文公为旌表介之推，封绵上田为介田，并将烧剩的柏树做成木屐穿在脚上，口中不停地念叨“足下”。直到现在，每逢他的忌日——冬至后一百零五天，家家吃冷食，禁烟火，为“寒食节”。两千年来，寒食之俗盛传不衰。历代写寒食节的诗词甚多，仅《全唐诗》就有一百三十余首。那么为什么把介公祠建在了偏殿呢?那是在清代乾隆年间，今河南省有位读书人，名叫品公滋，读书很是用功，头悬梁，锥刺股无一没有使用过，就是《诗经》《尚书》也能倒背如流。只是他运气不佳，屡试不中

，为此卧床不起。他的这种执着被介之推得知后，就托梦给他，“来年你一定要进京赶考，介休就是你施展才华的地方”，说完便飘然而去了。吕公滋照梦而行，果然中了进士，于乾隆四十一年作了介休知县。一到任，他便决定为介之推修庙。但这里已经有了规模宏大的介神庙，很是惋惜，并不停地自责。这时有人建议：“既然朝拜介神的人很多，我们何不就近在抱腹岩再建个介公祠呢?这样既能满足百姓的需求，又能实现你的夙愿。”就这样，在这里修了这个介公祠。吕公滋为官期间政绩卓著，深受百姓爱戴，以后又改任汾州通判。

空王磨志超与龙母在棋盘洞对奕，大战了五百多个回合。龙母几乎每盘皆输，很是不快，随手将棋子一扔，交棋认输。从此志超便在抱腹寺坐禅修行，成了远近闻名的高僧。而被龙母所扔的这一枚棋子因沾了龙母的灵气，成了妖精。此妖精经常下山，到附近村舍里为非做歹。村民们便来绵山抱腹岩拜见活佛志超，请求为民解危。志超得知是棋子所化，便命徒弟摩斯将它化为一块石磨，让它将功赎罪。从此我们这里就有了这样一个“空王磨”。关于“空王磨”的传说，《续高僧传》中有所记载：一年春天，青黄不接，绵山寺庙中的粮食只剩六担了，只能维持十几天的生活。但使用“空王磨”，从春到夏，每天磨五斗，共应磨九十石，但只用了四石，六担粮食还剩两石。僧大家很惊奇，知这是佛祖保佑，于是把多余的粮食做成斋饭，救济民众，帮这一带百姓渡过了灾荒。这里曾经有过煮粥用的“万人锅”，可惜现已丢失。

龙池池内生水，平时供寺僧和游人食用。五龙畈依佛门后，常造福远近的百姓。天旱时，四面八方的人都来这里祈雨，十分灵验。所以绵山一带五谷丰登，大家安居乐业。为此称它为龙池。

释迦殿释迦成佛后，曾云游四方。当来到绵山时，发现这里山青水秀，是一个修行养性的好地方，但也有许多妖魔怪兽。释迦决定通过讲法教化他们，龙众也赶来听法。后来志超择地绵山，为感谢释迦，在这里修建释迦殿。本殿奉祀的就是释迦牟尼佛。释迦牟尼是佛教的创始人，姓乔答摩，名悉达多，释迦族人，是古印度北部迦毗罗卫国(今尼泊尔境内)净饭王的儿子。二十九岁时痛感人世生。老。病、死各种苦恼，舍弃王族生活出家修道。经过六年的苦行。在佛陀迦耶树下“成道”。悟到世间无常和缘起等理，便在鹿野苑开始传教。其后四十五年间，在中印度各地游行教化，信众很多，都尊称他为“佛陀”——觉悟者。八十岁时，在拘尸那城附近的沙罗双树下入灭。他的弟子将他一生所说的教法记录整理，成为经、律、论“三藏”，此后佛教传播范围不断扩大，形成世界性的宗教。两旁分别是文殊、普贤菩萨及两位龙王(龙众的代表)。

铁索岭是由抱腹岩而上的一个高二十余丈的山岭，由岭上“闫王橛”拖下两根铁索，每根长18丈，由300余个铁环连接而成，每个重14斤，两条共重四千余斤。大家背向万丈深渊，面向摩天山岭，手抓铁环，沿75度的斜坡攀援而上，可至绵山峰顶。其惊险程度真不亚于华山千尺幢。介休市委书记冯建平有诗赞曰：“危危铁索岭，穹穹抱腹岩，最是惊魂处，人已崖上悬。”《大唐汾州抱腹寺碑》记载，铁索岭的铁索，始悬于唐代之前。唐代有名诗人贺知章当年就是从岩沟登云梯上抱腹寺，再由铁索岭上到岩顶的。抗日战争时期，游击健儿们经常身背机枪、地雷，肩扛食物攀铁索上下;并曾由这里护送到延安去的干部过封锁线;救援跳伞着陆的美国飞行员。铁索岭是连接晋冀鲁豫与革命圣地延安的一条秘密通道。

大唐汾州抱腹寺碑从抱腹岩沿“云梯”下行约四十五丈，到距沟底约三十余丈的一个方圆的小丘上，便可看见举世闻名的《大唐汾洲抱腹寺碑》。杨仲昌撰文，张晋书丹，僧人思本检校。碑通高九尺，螭首二尺五寸，宽三尺，厚一尺。碑文为隶书，字径一寸，24行，每行50字，共1200字。因年深日久，风化剥落70余字。碑两侧有唐、宋名人题记。曾向唐玄宗推荐李白的有名诗人贺知章题记中有“昔年与亲友俱登抱腹山数重，攀云梯……”的记述。可见此地原有“云梯”。攀云梯到抱腹岩，再绕行到铁索岭下攀二十一丈铁索到绵山上方，最后登上四丈高的摩斯塔，有通天云衢，青云直上。这便是开元二十年碑中所说的“云梯铁索”。碑文主要记述三国曹魏时，高僧迪公筹划经营开发绵山，魏明帝曹睿特诏建抱腹寺等情况。其书法结构宽舒，字迹古朴刚劲，有汉隶遗韵，为唐碑中不可多得的珍品。

棋盘洞在开元碑后距地面六尺。这两个长九尺，高六尺，深六尺的石窟，就是当年唐高僧志超与龙母下棋的地方。右窟内顶部有50个高六寸的石刻雕像，也是唐代文物。两窟内还有一些游人题留，也颇具文物价值。

五龙松五龙为绵山的地方保护神，五龙松是五龙的化身。唐高僧志超入山时，绵山为五龙占据。龙母已知志超为空王古佛转世，便与他在抱腹岩下棋盘洞内对奕，有意输掉绵山，让于志超。五龙兄弟暴躁气盛，对志超十分恼怒，就一起作法欲将抱腹岩推倒。高僧志超法力无边，右手托起岩顶，抱腹岩安然无恙。五龙战败归依佛门，成为绵山护法真神。从此五龙便化为五棵长生不老之松，永远镇守在这里。

金大定谢雨碑金大定十一年(1171)，汾州一带久旱不雨，遍地灾荒，民不聊生。汾州军太守王琦久闻绵山龙王很有法力，有求必应，便在衙内摆案祷雨。果然，汾州地境一连数日大雨滂沱，百姓无不称奇感恩。后为感谢龙王降雨救灾之恩，王琦亲率汾州官员并百姓人等前来朝拜，并立此谢雨祭文碑。

大明正德碑邑人任九皐(曾任河北平乡县丞)撰文，强恕子书丹，郭海勒刊，大明正德十三年(1518)悟空、悟禅立石。碑文记载了当年重修空王古佛殿的缘由，介绍了唐代高僧志超成佛的故事，以及唐太宗李世民为感谢“善友解民倒悬”的恩德，于贞观十五年(641)农历三月十七上山朝拜，以及北宋宰相张商英朝山拜佛，明晋恭王朱冈主持重修空王古佛殿的经过。

明王殿当年高僧志超历经艰险，终于来到绵山聚徒弘法。但有很多野兽汲取了绵山之灵气，常出来兴风作浪，扰乱百姓。一次，释迦牟尼云游到绵山，看出志超定会成真，就命十大明王帮志超降妖除魔。志超成佛后，就托梦于百姓，在这里修建了释迦、明王殿。十大明王来到这里，又担负起了保护藏经楼中经书的职责。他们恪尽职责，降妖伏魔。明王受佛的教令而现出忿怒勇猛的形象，以降伏诸恶魔。之所以称明王，是因为明为光明之义，此佛以智慧而明，以智慧摧毁一切魔障。本殿供奉的明王有：一、焰曼得迦大忿怒明王，二、无能胜大忿怒明王，三、钵纳曼得迦大忿怒明王，四。尾觐那得迦大忿怒明王，五、不动尊大忿怒明王，六、吒枳大忿怒明王，七、你罗难拿大忿怒明王，八、大力大忿怒明王，九、送婆大忿怒明王，十、傅日罗播多罗大忿怒明王。该殿塑像为唐代风格，特别是三层悬塑，线条流畅，气韵生动，栩栩如生，堪称精品。

五龙殿五龙为绵山的地方保护神。大家请看，五龙个个位居正中而龙母却被供奉到了一边，这与古代以孝道为重的美德是相违背的。原来这有一段来历：高僧志超入山时，绵山为五龙占据。龙母知道志超为空王古佛转世，便与他在抱腹岩下棋盘洞内下棋，有意输掉绵山。五龙对此表示不满，殿内的塑像便出现了这样的情景。五龙想考验志超是否诚心向佛，便下起了漂泊大雨，大有将抱腹岩冲塌之势。志超临危不惧，镇定自若，右手托起了岩顶，使抱腹岩安然无恙。现在五龙殿前岩顶还留有个巨大的佛掌印。这就是志超用手托山的印记。此殿为明代建筑。殿内还塑有五条龙，其中两条龙的爪里抓着人头。这里还有一个故事。从前这里有两个拦路抢劫财物的歹人，吓得百姓们不敢上山。后来，兴地村一个胆大的年轻人受众人委托，绕后山拜见空王佛。空王佛得知后，便命已皈依佛门的二龙去捉拿，二龙奉命行事，将两人捉拿到此。

毗卢殿正中供奉的是毗卢遮那佛的应身——释加牟尼及他的十大杰出弟子。他们分别是：摩诃迦叶、阿难、目犍连、舍利弗、须菩提、迦旃延、优婆利、罗睺罗、富楼那、阿那律;其中目犍连即目连，号称神通第一。

笑口常开过了塔林，可见一笑口常开的佛山。这是弥勒佛的化身，是年三月十七绵山庙会，弥勒佛赶来赴会。他曾率十二高僧站在此迎接各方佛祖。此后便留在绵山参禅打坐，后打坐之处便有了他们的化身。因弥勒笑口常开，故有“弥勒笑迎四方客”的故事。

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敦煌莫高窟和洛阳龙门石窟、大同的云冈石窟并称为中国三大石窟。莫高窟的开凿比龙门石窟早128年、比云冈石窟早94年。莫高窟以它创建年代之久。建筑规模之大、壁画数量之多、塑像造型之多、保存之完整，其艺术价值之博大精深而闻名天下，享誉国内外。一年中游客接踵而来，络绎不绝，对促进文化交流，传播学说，弘扬民族艺术，进行爱国主义教育起了举足轻重的作用。

莫高窟的壁画艺术是龙门、云冈石窟所没有的，是世界上任何石窟寺所无法相比的，它是莫高窟艺术的精髓。如果所45000平方米壁画一张张连接起来将长达25公里，要把这些壁画哪放在路边的话，可以构成个从市区到莫高窟的一条长长的画廊。其规模之宏大，题材之广泛，艺术之精湛，被日本学者称之为“一大画廊”;法国学者称之为“墙壁上的图书馆”;正如一位学者看了莫高窟后感慨的说：“看了离煌石窟就等于看到了世界的古代文明”。

莫高窟俗称千佛洞，“千”这个数字在这里不指具体的数目，而是喻指很多，因为这里有许多佛教塑像、壁画的洞窟，所以俗称为“千佛洞”。莫高窟这个名称最早出现在隋代洞窟第423号洞窟题记中，其名称的由来众说纷纭，莫衷一是，大抵有三种说法：其一，是说菲高窟开凿于沙漠的高处而得名，在古汉语中“沙漠”的“漠”和“莫高窟”的“莫”是通假字;其二是说从藏经洞出土的文书和许多唐代文献都记载，唐代沙州敦煌县境内有“漠高山”、“漠高里”之称，据此考证，鸣沙山在隋唐也称漠高山，因此将石窟以附近的乡、里名称命名;其三是说在梵文里“莫高”之音是解脱的意思，“莫高”是梵文的音译。

由于敦煌自汉魏以来，是汉族和许多少数民族聚集杂居之地，各民族文化在这里交汇、融合;敦煌又是西出西域，东入中原的咽喉要道，自古以来，人们笃信佛教，地方的官使吏、豪门贵族、善男信女以及贫苦的老百姓都拿出银两来开窟、造像、绘画作为自己的家庙来供养佛和菩萨;来往于丝绸古道的商人、使者、僧侣等为了祈佑自己能平安突起塔克拉玛干大沙漠，或取福佑，死后进入天国的投资。于是在鸣沙山的崖壁上，大大小小的窟龛不断涌现。

大家看前边有绿色的地主就是莫高窟，它背靠鸣沙山，面对三危峰，窟区南北全长1600多米，现存洞窟492个，洞窟大小不一，上下错落，密布崖面，每个洞窟里面都有栩栩如生的塑像，婀娜多姿的飞天，精美绝伦的壁画，构图精巧的花砖，构成了一个充满宗教氛围的佛国世界。莫高窟始建于前秦建元二年，也就是公元366年，历经北凉、北魏、西魏、北周、隋、唐、五代、宋、西夏、元等朝代，在现存的洞窟中有壁画45000多平方米，塑像2400余身，最大塑像主，30多米，最大壁画约50平方米。

这些壁画、塑像，在不同程度上反映了我国从4世纪到14世纪上下延续千年的不同时代的社会、生产、生活、交通、建筑、艺术、音乐、舞蹈、民情风俗、宗教信仰、思想变化、民族关系、中外交往等情况。在我国三大石窟中，莫高窟是开凿最早，延续时间最长，规模最大，内容最丰富的石窟群。在世界文化史上也具有珍贵的价值。有“人类文化珍藏”、“形象历史博物馆”、“世界画廊”之称。

现在和我进入洞窟参观，首先我们去参观有名有“藏经洞”。这个洞窟位于系统工程号洞窟甬道的北侧，编号为17窟，洞窟原是晚唐时期河西都僧统洪的“影窟”，有碑文载这一事实。1900年5月的一天，管理莫高窟的道士王圆录在一个偶然的机会，打开了秘百多年的“藏经洞”，这些珍贵无比的文物终于重见天日了，但是清王朝的腐败加之王圆录的愚昧，使这些珍贵的文物遭到了帝国主义分子的肆无忌惮的掠夺和盗劫。1905年沙皇俄国的奥勃鲁切夫来到莫高窟，以六包日用品为诱饵，骗取了一批文物。

1907年，英国人斯坦因，仅用数十块马蹄银，劫取了约一万多卷，同时还有佛教绣品和佛画五百多幅，现藏于大英博物馆;1908年法国人伯希和盗走文物六千多卷，现在藏于巴黎法国国立图书馆和吉美博物馆。1911年10月日本大谷光瑞探险队的吉川小一郎和桔瑞超盗走约九百余卷。直到1910年清政府才将被劫余的文物运往北京，收藏在北京图书馆。在运输途中及运到北京后不少文物被偷、损坏、遗失，是中国考古史上一次难以估量的损失。“藏经洞”发现的这些文书内容包括宗教经典和多种文字写的世欲文书，它涉及到许多学科，是研究古代宗教、政治、经济、军事、文化的重要资料，经过国内外学者几十年的研究、开拓出一门全新热门的学科--敦煌学。

我们常讲的和游览的温泉是前山的黄山宾馆温泉，古时候又叫汤泉，从紫石峰涌出。用它命名的温泉景区，是进入黄山南大门后最先到达的景区。温泉水量充足，水温常年保持在42度左右，水质良好，并含有对人体有益的矿物质，有一定的医疗价值，对皮肤病，风湿病和消化系统的疾病，确有一定的疗效。但是只能浴，不能饮;过云说它可以饮用，是不科学的。

其实，黄山温泉不止一处。在黄山北坡叠嶂峰下，还有一个温泉，叫松谷庵，古称锡泉。它与山南的宾馆温泉水平距离7.5公里，标高也近，南北对称，遥相呼应。这也够奇的了。不过因为它地处偏僻目前还未开发利用。

除了四绝之外，黄山的瀑布、日出和晚霞，也是十分壮观和奇丽的。

黄山，山高陂陡，溪流从高山峡谷中奔涌出来，从陡谷悬岩上飞落下来同，就形成瀑布。山中一夜雨，处处挂飞泉，就是黄山温存的生动写照。黄山瀑布很多，最壮观的有九龙瀑、人字瀑和百丈瀑。

黄山四季分明：春天青峰滴翠，山花烂漫;夏季清凉一片，处处飞瀑;秋天天高气爽，红叶如霞;寒冬则是银装素裹，冰雕玉砌。黄山确实是一个旅游、避暑、赏雪的绝好去处。

亲爱的各位团友：

大家好！今天，我将带大家参观举世闻名的“佛教艺术宝库”——敦煌莫高窟。莫高窟在敦煌的东南方向，距市区25公里。敦煌的莫高窟和洛阳的龙门石窟、大同的云冈石窟，并称中国“三大石窟”。莫高窟的开凿比龙门石窟早128年，比云冈石窟早94年。莫高窟以它创建年代之久、建筑规模之大、壁画数量之多、塑像造型之美、保存之完整，以及艺术之博大精深，而闻名天下，享誉国内外。1987年被联合国教科文组织列入世界文化遗产保护项目，1991授予“世界文化遗产”证书。

莫高窟创建于前秦，从北魏开始，一直走着上升的道路，到唐初已经有一千多个窟。据说，公元366年，有一个叫乐僔的和尚云游到鸣沙山下，这时正值黄昏，太阳就要沉落在茫茫无际的沙漠之中，他又饥又渴，茫然四顾，在向东方远望时，忽然看见三危山高耸的峰顶在夕阳的映照之下，金光闪闪，好似有千佛在其中显现。和尚一下子被这奇妙的景象惊呆了，欢喜万分，立即顶礼膜拜，并许下了造窟的誓愿。他随即化缘，开凿了第一个洞窟。消息不胫而走，很快传向了四面八方，于是就有许多善男信女前来朝拜。莫高窟在民间称作“千佛洞”，“千”这个数字在这里并不是指具体的数目，而是比喻很多。因为这里有许多佛教塑像、壁画，数量均超过千个，因此才形象地称之为“千佛洞”。莫高窟现存洞窟491个（编号有492个，其中485与486为同窟重号），壁画45,000多平方米，塑像2,400余身，至今已有1,600多年的历史。

大家看，前边有绿色的地方就是莫高窟，它背靠鸣沙山，面对三危峰，窟区南北全长1,600多米，现存洞窟大小不一，上下错落，密布崖面，洞窟里有栩栩如生的塑像，婀娜多姿的飞天，精美绝伦的壁画，构图精巧的莲花砖，烘托出了一个充满宗教氛围的佛国世界。

进入寺区，各位游客朋友可以环顾一下，莫高窟周围是戈壁、沙漠、不毛的秃山，而这里却独具一片青翠，泉水叮咚，树木繁荫，不能不让人感到神奇。

首先，我们去参观有名的“藏经洞”。它在第16号洞窟市道的北侧。1900年5月26日这一天，守护莫高窟的道士王圆箓在一个偶然的机会，发现了秘封了九百多年的“藏经洞”，其中所藏的隋唐、宋初的经卷、文书、织绣、图画等大量无比珍贵的文物终于重见天日。由于清王朝的腐败，加之王圆箓的愚昧，这些珍贵文物遭到了帝国主义分子肆无忌惮的掠夺和盗窃。直到1910年，清政府才将劫余的文物运往北京，收藏在北京图书馆。在运输途中以及运到北京之后，不少文物又被偷、损坏或遗失。藏经洞的发现是中国19世纪末最重要的文献发现，也是中国考古史上一次难以估量的重大损失。“藏经洞”发现的这些文献，内容包括宗教经典和多种文字书写的世俗文书，涉及到许多学科，是研究古代宗教、政治、经济、军事、文化的重要资料。而以研究敦煌遗书、敦煌石窟艺术及敦煌史地为研究对象的一门学科叫做敦煌学。它与徽州学和藏学齐名，是中国的三大区域文化之一，也是三大显学之一。

莫高窟壁画，前期以说法图、本生故事和神怪画为主，如428窟北周时期的《萨埵那饲虎本生》和《须达拿人海求珠本生》为莫高窟面积最大、画面最多、时代最早的横卷连环画本生故事。画面充满了痛苦、悲观、绝望、消极的色彩，宣扬无原则的牺牲，体现了键陀罗风格，是在继承汉画传统的基础上又吸收了印度和中亚的艺术风格。

来莫高窟途中看到的赤红色极醒目的建筑物，就是96号窟，即莫高窟的象征性建筑——“九层楼”。莫高窟建筑艺术主要指洞窟的形制，石窟本身就是具有立体空间的建筑。前期的洞窟以中心塔柱式为主，所谓中心塔柱式即开凿时就在洞窟的中央留下一个方柱，在柱子的四面开龛，龛内塑像。中期开凿的洞窟相对较大，中心塔柱式被庙堂式，即覆斗顶窟代替，多数是在洞窟正面墙壁上开较大的佛龛，塑造多身塑像，窟顶为覆斗式，天井彩绘精美的图案。后期开凿的洞窟都比较大，纵深二三十米，称殿堂窟，洞窟中央设有佛坛，佛坛上面塑造多身较大的塑像。除此以外还有禅窟、大佛窟和涅槃窟。洞窟建筑形式的转变和多样化，反映了古代艺术家们在接受外来文化的时侯，不是生搬硬套，而是吸收、融化。

(金山岭长城停车场)

朋友们：你们好!

现在展现在我们面前的，就是闻名中外的金山岭长城。有人说，要看长城之长，上金山岭;要看长城之雄伟，也上金山岭。此话十分有道理。

(停车场至砖垛口的道上)

金山岭长城，始建于北齐，那时为土石结构，单调低矮。十五世纪中叶，明王朝国力由强转弱，北方蒙古族鞑靼、朵颜等各部乘机南侵，京都受到威胁，于是明朝廷决定重修这一段在军事上有重大意义的长城。隆庆元年(公元1567年)明穆宗把抗倭名将戚继光由闽浙调到北方戍边，任命为蓟州总兵。戚继光率部队士兵与当地民夫，对东起山海关、西至镇边(昌平县境)，1000公里的原有长城，普遍进行了改建和重建。边墙城体加宽加高，要冲地段修筑双层的城墙。又在全线修筑1000多座高大坚固的敌楼(又叫敌台或空心敌台)。在戚继光任职的十四年间，就基本完成了这一浩大的工程。在后来的数十年里，明王朝又不断地调兵选将，加以修缮，使它形成一道城墙高峙，战垒林立，能守能攻的坚固防线。金山岭长城，就是其中最突出的一段。这段长城及所属设施都是砖石结构，气势雄伟，旧貌依然。经专家鉴定，是我国万里长城的精华之所在。

金山岭长城充分体现了戚继光“因地制宜，用险制塞”的建筑思想。因此，这段长城设施完备、构筑坚实，布局严谨，攻守兼备。长城沿线的沟壑要冲都设有关口，既能出关巡逻，又可对敌人实行迂回包抄。主要关口加设防线，修筑重墙，山巅上还设烽火台。长城主墙与敌楼挽臂相连，互为一体。一些重要地段往往在主墙道上加设九至十多道障墙。

总观金山岭长城，城关相连，敌楼相望，处处布防，道道设险。遇有战争，烽火传递军情，全线严阵以待。战事和平，沿线驻军可在附近坡地屯田，自筹军粮。

(砖垛口前)

各位朋友，现在我们要进的这个关口叫砖垛口，游人一般都从这里的砖梯登上长城。

据考证，早在北齐时期，就在这里建筑一个关口。戚继光主持修筑金山岭长城时，又在这里重建了这个砖垛口。

砖垛口历来为兵家必争之地。从这一带长城上发现的火炮、手雷、石雷、箭头等武器来看，明朝时这里战事不少。近一个世纪，也有大的战事发生。1933年，东北军张学良的部队，曾经在这里与日本侵略军进行过多次激烈战斗。1948年夏天，北京解放前夕，解放军进攻古北口没有成功。然后改从砖垛口，龙峪口等长城上的关口突破，包抄古北口国民党守军的营地，很快歼灭了敌军，打开了古北口通道。

(手指文字砖)大家请看，这是十分珍贵的文字砖。在这里能见到的并不多，而在将军楼和大狐顶楼中间，500米的城墙上，这种文字砖就多了。这些砖上面主要记载了当年修筑这段长城的年代以及部队番号，如“万历四年震虏骑兵营造”、“万历五年山东左营造”、“万历六年振武右营造”等等。这些文字用楷书或隶书写在砖坯上，烧制而成。著名长城专家朱希元介绍说，这段文字砖长城，在中国万里长城上是独一无二的。文字砖具有很高的文物价值和观赏价值。

(在砖垛口至东方台的长城上)

漫步在长城上，只要您稍加留心，就会发现一些有趣而独特的东西。

另外，金山岭长城上，还可看到数不清的射击孔、了望孔，都饰以各种各样的图案：有桃形、箭头形、刀把形、锯齿形等等，一个个精巧别致，耐人寻味。请大家在游览的过程中细细观察。

(在东方台)

我们中央电视台新闻联播之前播放的片头语长城和中央电视台自用广告语：“传承文明，开拓创新”的背景长城，就是在这里拍摄的。这是金山岭的骄傲，也是万里长城的骄傲。金山岭长城自1986年开放以来，国家领导人曾多次视察。130多个国家驻华使节来观光游览。100多部影视作品展示了金山岭长城的雄姿。北京丽都、王府、凯宾斯基等几十家大饭店多次在这里开展越野攀登，举行篝火联欢、烟花晚会等各种文体娱乐活动。1998年9月，金山岭长城为来自13个国家的“雷励远征计划”活动的160多人在长城上举行大型酒会，取得圆满成功，给大家留下美好的印象。

1995年10月6日，瑞典有一对青年在那里按中国风俗举行了隆重的婚礼。当时记者问他们为什么要在这里举行婚礼?他们说在长城上举行婚礼有一种特殊的意义，尤其这段长城景观奇特、雄伟壮观，愿自己的婚姻象长城一样牢固可靠。朋友们，你们中是否有人也想到这里举行婚礼，欢度难忘的一刻?如您已婚，也不要遗憾，到这里度金婚纪念日和银婚纪念日也一定终生难忘。

武侯祠坐落于南阳市西南方向的卧龙岗上，坐西向东偏南，现存殿堂房舍267间，主要建筑由东而西排列在一条中轴线上，分前后两重，建筑布局严谨，疏密相宜，殿堂雄严，亭台壮观。祠前是宏伟雅致的“千古人龙”石牌坊，高9米，面阔13.5米，三门四柱楼式，通体布满雕饰，对称的锦纹、图案，错落有致，疏朗多姿。高耸门外，望柱冲天，在苍松翠柏映衬下，使武侯祠显得更加巍峨壮观。从山门至大拜殿，左右两廊为前部，是人们祭祀诸葛亮的场所。后面的茅庐、古柏亭、野云庵、躬耕亭、伴月台、小虹桥、梁父岩、抱膝石、老龙洞、躬耕田，是根据诸葛亮“躬耕”时的生活起居而兴建的纪念性建筑(即卧龙十景)。最后是宁远楼，亦名清风楼。山门之外有“诸葛井”和“澹宁读书台”。祠左侧院有关张殿、三顾堂、谢圃亭;右侧院为道房院，原是道人居住的地方。台下有诸葛书院。祠西南隅有龙角塔。大拜殿是武侯祠前部的主体建筑，殿宇高大宏伟，为歇山式建筑，殿前悬挂匾联十余幅，两壁嵌有石刻，中塑武侯诸葛亮坐像，两侧为其子诸葛瞻、其孙诸葛尚立像，形象逼真。

河北保定野三坡景区有许多文物名胜遗留至今，现有的“大龙门城堡”、“蔡树庵长城”、“摩崖石刻”等都是河北省重点文物保护单位。大龙门城堡原是明长城“内边”上的重要关隘，被誉为“疆域咽喉”。据《水经注》记载，这里在唐、宋以前叫“圣人城”，曾是中原与塞外的要塞重镇，屡经战乱。明代将其作为军事重地重新修建，从嘉靖年间开始，由“钦依大龙门守口总指挥使把总官钦”戍守，清代沿袭明制，一直到光绪时才废止。现保存完好的大龙门城堡、城门，与其外围的军事设施遗址，仍然能使人看到一个完整的古代关隘防御体系，充分体现了我国古代劳动人民卓越的建筑艺术和军事才能。

大龙门城堡西北一华里的龙门峡，两侧山崖峭壁上留有30多处摩崖石刻，都是明、清时驻守关隘的武官留下的真迹。其中以“万仞天关”、“千峰拱立”最为醒目，字高2.7米。其余题字大小不等，内容可分为两类：一类为描述关山险要雄伟，以振军威，多用于楷书写成，字迹遒劲浑厚，笔力顿挫沉雄，各具风格。另一类则是描述这里山河秀丽俊美，以激发将士和民众的爱国热情，这一类多用行书、草书写成，运笔潇洒自如，是难得的珍品。题书者有明代万历年间都御史兵部侍郎贾三进，万历武进士钦依大龙门把总指挥都门何继文，总兵吕志远、 王世兴等，这些刻字，为研究古代书法艺术提供了可靠的佐证。经专家考证，这里是华北地区规模最大的摩崖石刻群，被誉为“历史文化长廊”。

舞蹈史画

20__年，政府投资5000万元完成了占地面积11000平方米，舞台面积1200平方米，可同时容纳3500人观看的野三坡大剧院，打造了以涞水、野三坡悠久历史及厚重文化为主线的大型舞蹈史画《印象野三坡》，利用世界顶级的声光电技术、演员炉火纯青的舞技和演技，演绎了野三坡及至整个黄河流域灿烂的历史文化，从远古人类到华夏始祖，从古代的名人志士到近代的抗日英烈，鲜活地表现了野三坡的历史文化精髓，鸡蛋坨七勇士作为其中一个重要的章节，再现了革命先烈英勇不屈、舍生取义的伟大爱国主义情怀，《印象野三坡》演出已经成为野三坡景区弘扬爱国主义精神、弘扬民族文化的重要文化产品。

“野”文化

野三坡历史文化古老神奇，源远流长，溯其历史，《涿州志》记载：“三坡隶属涿由来久矣，无可稽查。”但元、明、清代诗人对此地吟赋的诗词却有不少。有诗云：此地即桃源，不知汉魏，遑论金元。逃名岩谷，循迹林泉。大好河山，忍终袖手无人管。满坡积雪，山色有无间。野三坡地势由南向北逐渐增高，差异很大，故此分为上、中、下三坡。《涿州志》载：“上坡与下坡因山脉之障蔽，气候亦有不同，寒暖相差半月许，每逢春令，下坡核桃已结实，上坡始花。雨降稍迟，耕种亦随之转移。”可见，三坡之名由地形变化、气候不同而产生。

时至清代，因三坡人民崇敬明朝，清庭对这里的人民施加压力，勒令三坡人民不许介入科举之列，取消求得“功名”的权力。这时有些境外匪盗勾结官府也来敲诈勒索，三坡人民忍无可忍，遂树起“反清复明”的旗帜，推举“家道殷实，素孚重望”的“老人官”综理坡内一切事务，被迫组织护坡武装，保卫乡里。由于对封建势力的反抗，清朝官府给三坡人民强加了一个“野”字。从此，野三坡的“老人制”也就流传下来，一直沿续到民国十八年。《涿州志》称老人制谓“实开民选之前列，独树自治之先声。”

诗词歌谣

野三坡曾流传着一首歌谣：野三坡，野三坡，燕王扫北没扫着，头上束着野雀窝，穿的鞋子向上撅。清朝不让进考场，祖祖辈辈血泪多，这就是对野三坡历史的写照。史料记载：“明初燕王爷朱棣兴师扫北至三坡境界(奴才岭)，见山中野兽(松鼠)捧食松果，王意以为拱手施礼，当谓左右曰：“兽且归顺，况人民乎?”遂颁恩诏免除丁粮，至今野三坡还广泛流传着这里是受过皇封的地方。

抗日腹地

抗战时期，野三坡是平西抗日根据地的中心腹地，英勇顽强的三坡人民积极参军抗战，勇往直前，付出了重大代价和牺牲，涌现出许多可歌可泣的英雄事迹。对此，聂帅在《 聂荣臻回忆录》中曾给予高度评价。至今，景区内的八路军兵工厂、游击小路、平西抗日烈士陵园等革命遗迹仍保存完好，野三坡这个革命老区又已成为爱国主义教育的天然课堂。

各位游客，我的介绍就到那里，如在参观游览的过程中有其他问题，请向我询问，我会再进行讲解。谢谢大家！

游客们，大家好！此刻我们位于北京市崇文区天坛路，我想有的朋友已经猜到了，我们的下一个景点就是美丽的天坛。

天坛，在北京市南部，东城区永定门内大街东侧。占地约270万平方米，是中国现存最大的古代祭祀性建筑群。南有天坛祭天，东有日坛祭太阳，西有月坛祭月亮，其中，天坛最光彩夺目。天坛始建于明永乐十八年，清乾隆、光绪时曾重修改建。为明、清两代帝王祭祀皇天、祈五谷丰登的场所。

同时，它也是中国木结构建筑的顶峰，全用木材就完成了这一惊世杰作。天坛另一美妙之处，是奇妙的回声。站在中心叫一声，你会听到从地层深处传来的明亮而深沉的回响，这声音仿佛来自地心，又似乎来自天空，所以人们为它取了一个充满神秘色彩的名字“天心石”。在皇穹宇的四周有一道厚约0.9米的围墙，你站在一端贴着墙小声说话，站在另一端的人只要耳贴墙面就能听得异常清晰，并且还有立体声效果哦！这就是神奇的“回音壁”。这证明500年前的中国人已经能够运用声学原理。

游客们，此刻请大家参观一小时，然后到门厅集合。

he Ming Tombs are 40 kilometers north of Beijing City on the southernslopes of Tianshou Mountain. They are the burial grounds of 13 Ming Dynastyemperors. In July 20___ the site was designated a world cultural heritage siteby UNESCO.

Empress Xu died in the 5th year of Yongle (1407). Zhu Di sent

Zhao Hong, secretary of the Ministry of Rites and a geomancer----LiaoJunqing along with many others to Beijing in search of an auspicious place forthe tombs. It is said that this group of people first selected the area of TuJia Ying, which means slaughter-house, and as such, it couldnt be used as theburial ground. Next they selected the foot of Yangshan Mountain, Changping.However, since the surname of the emperor (Zhu) is a homophone for pig andbecause a village named wolf mouth ravine was located there, they decidedagainst using that area. Later, they found Yan-jiatai west of Beijing. Again,since Yanjia was the homonym of the death of the emperor, it was also deemedunsuitable. It was not until the 7th year of Yongle (1409), that they finallychose the present Heavenly Longevity Mountain as their cemetery grounds.

The whole area covers 40 square kilometers. It has mountains to its east,west and north, and Dragon Mountain and Tiger Mountain are on either side of itssouthern entrance. The 13 tombs go from north to south. They are arranged in themanner of the Imperial Palace, with the administration area in the front andliving quarters in the rear. In front of the tombs are divine passes, stonearchways and steel towers. The Precious City and Ming Tower stand over theUnderground Palace.

There were 16 emperors during the Ming Dynasty. Buried in the Ming tombs,are 13 Ming emperors and 23 empresses, as well as many concubines, princes,princesses and maids. The other 3 emperors, Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, Zhu Yunwenand Zhu Qiyu are buried in other locations.

The founder of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, established his capital inpresent day Nanjing where he was buried after his death. His tomb is calledXiaoling (Tomb of Filial Piety).

The body of the second emperor of the Ming, Zhu Yunwen, is missing. Somesaid that he died in a fire, while others said that he went to a temple andbecame a monk. There is no final conclusion yet.

The seventh Ming Emperor Zhu Qiyu, was buried as a prince by his elderbrother Zhu Qizhen at Jinshankou, a western suburb of Beijing, because in theTumubao Upheaval, Emperor Zhu Qizhen became a captive and the younger brother ofZhu Qizhen. Zhu Qiyu was chosen as the new emperor, but later Zhu Qizhen wasback and proclaimed his re-enthronement in the Seizing Gate Upheaval.

The Memorial Arch was built in the 19th year of Jiajing (1540) as a symbolof the Ming Tombs. It is 14 meters high and 28. 86 meters wide, and has 5 archessupported by 6 pillars with beautiful bas-relief carvings of lions, dragons andlotus flowers. The Memorial Arch is the biggest and the most exquisite stonearch preserved in the country today. The major designs of dragon and clouddecorations reflect the character of imperial architecture. In addition, it alsodemonstrates the skillful artistry of the Ming craftsmen.

The Big Palace Gate is the front gate of the Ming Tombs, and is morecommonly known as Big Red Gate. Facing south, there are three arch entrances tothe gate, the main inlet to the Ming Tombs. Flanking the gate are two stonetablets, inscribed with orders for the emperor, officials and other people todismount, before entering into the tomb area. If they did not obey, they wouldbe punished for their disrespect. The rules governing the Ming Tombs in the MingDynasty, stipulate that one who sneaks into the tomb area to pick firewood andbreak twigs would be flogged. Those who came to fetch dirt and stone would bebeheaded. Those who entered arbitrarily into the tomb area would be flogged ahundred times.

The Tablet House was built in the 10th year of Xuande (1435), and standsabout 10 meters high with two tiers of eaves. A huge tablet stands in the middleof the Tablet House. The front side bears an inscription by Emperor Renzong forChengzu. The reverse side is a poem by Qing Emperor Qianlong recording in detailthe conditions of the broken Changling, Yongling, Dingling and Xiling. On theeast side is the record of expenditures for repairing the Ming Tombs by the Qinggovernment. On the west side is an epitaph by Qing Emperor Jiaqing. It waswritten in the 9th year of Jiaqing (1804) describing the cause of the fall ofthe Ming Dynasty.

On the north side of the Tablet House, stands a group of stone carvings (36in all). Behind the house, there are two stone pillars. Beyond the pillars arestone animals and other statues. Lions, Xie Zhi, camels, elephants, and Qi Linhorses .All of the animals are in two pairs. Two stand, while the other twokneel. It is followed by the statues of military officers, civil officials andofficials of merit, four in each group. These stone animals and statues weremade in the 10th year of Xuande (1435). They reflect the imperial power when hewas alive and the imperial dignity after he was deceased. The animals andstatues were created using whole blocks of stone weighing a couple of tons andeach was delicately and masterfully carved.

Here stands Ling Xing Gate, also known as the unique Dragon and PhoenixGate, with the meaning of the Gate of Heaven. The gate is pierced with six doorleaves, attached to three archways. The top of the central section of the threearchways is decorated with flames and precious pearl, so it is also known as theFlame Archway. To the north of the Dragon and Phoenix Gate there lays aseven-arch marble bridge, leading to the gate of Changling. To the east of theseven-arch bridge stands an old five-arch bridge, which was the original site ofthe seven-arch bridge.

Actually we are standing on the axle line of the Ming Tombs, otherwiseknown as the Sacred Way or the Tomb path. We passed the Memorial Arch, the BigPalace Gate, the Tablet House, Sacred Way, stone animals and statues, and LingXing Gate. This seven-kilometer long sacred pathway leads from south to north,all the way to the Gate of Changling.

Now, we are moving to Chang Ling. Changling is the first tomb built in theMing Tombs area, covering 10 hectares and containing Emperor Zhu Di and hisempress Xu.

Zhu Di (Chengzu) of the Ming Dynasty was the fourth son of the firstEmperor Zhu Yuanzhang, born in 1360. Zhu Di was conferred the title of theprince of Yan in the 3rd year of Hongwu (1370). He was appointed at Beiping.After the death of Zhu Yuanzhang (the first Ming Emperor), Zhu Di used thepretext of eliminating evil officials at the side of Emperor Jianwen to lead anarmy expedition down south to Nanjing. He seized the throne in the 4th year ofJianwen (1402) and ascended the throne in June inside the Hall of AncestralWorship in Nanjing. Zhu Di was an emperor of outstanding accomplishment in theMing Dynasty. As soon as he became the prince of Yan, he led the generals out tobattle. He had great achievements in calming down the north. After he took overhis nephews power and became the emperor, he still went out to battle throughoutthe country and consolidated the rule of the Ming Dynasty. He made the importantdecision to move the capital to Beijing. During the rule of Zhu Di, magnificentdevelopments were made in the economy, culture and in diplomacy. In terms ofculture, Zhu Di successively sent Grand Academician Xie Jin, Yan Guangxiao andothers to compile the Yongle encyclopedia. The book has become the largest bookever complied in Chinese history. For expanding external exchanges and trade,Zhu Di selected eunuch Zheng He to lead a large fleet filled with precious gold,silver, silk and satins to sail to southeast Asia and Africa seven times in theearly years of Yongle.

Empress Xu was buried together with Emperor Zhu Di in Changling. EmpressXushi was the eldest daughter of Xu Da who was one of the founding fathers ofthe Ming Dynasty. Throughout her lifespan, Xu Shi complied 20 articles ofinternal lectures and a book advising to be good, so as to cultivate peoplesminds. She was the very first one to be buried in Changling and in the Ming Tombarea.

The Hall of Eminent Favor in Changling is the best preserved among thethirteen tombs. It is a valuable relic of ancient Chinas wooden structures. Itis nine rooms wide and five rooms long, a hall size rarely seen in China. Theroof is made of top-class double eaves and there are multiple rooms covered withyellow glazed tiles. The hall is supported by 60 thick Nanmu pillars, the middlefour in the hall are the thickest, the diameter of each one can reach over onemeter. It is known as the best Nanmu (phoebe) hall in the country.

Now we are going to Dinging. Dingling is located at the east foot of DayuMountain. Buried here are the 13th Ming Emperor Wanli (Zhu Yijun) and his twoempresses Xiaoduan and Xiaojing. Zhu Yijun was the longest on the throne of theMing Emperors. (He was emperor for 48 years). He was the greediest and laziestemperor in the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Yijun ascended the throne at the age of 9.After he came to power, he was supported by the chief minister Zhang Juzheng. Atthis time, various aspects of society gained development.

Later ,Zhang Juzheng died of illness. Not long after Wanli managed stateaffairs on his own, he used the chance to select the location for his tomb sitewhen he went to pay homage to the ancestors tombs. He spent eight million taelsof silver (250,000 kilos of silver) and six years to build a high quality tombDingling. After the Dingling was completed, Zhu Yijun personally went to inspectit, and felt very satisfied with the result. He went so far as to hold a grandbanquet in the Underground Palace, which was unheard of in history.

Zhu Yijun was a typical muddle-headed emperor. Reflecting on his reign, hedid not pay attention to state affairs for 28 out of his 48 year rule. The stateorgan was effectively semi-paralyzed during his reign. Later generationscommented that the fall of the Ming dynasty was caused by this emperor.

Zhu Yijun had two empresses. Empress Xiaojing was originally a maid ofWanlis mother Cisheng. Later she gave birth to a son of the emperor. That sonwas the one-month emperor Guangzong (Zhu Changluo). She died of illness 9 yearsearlier than Shenzong died. She was buried as a concubine at Pinggangdi, aroundthe east pit, at the Heavenly Longevity Mount. After Xiaojing was conferred thetitle of “grandmother of the emperor”, her body was moved to the UndergroundPalace of Dingling, and buried together with Emperor Wanli and Empress Xiaoduanon the same day. Xiaoduan was conferred the title of empress, but she could notgive birth to either a son or a daughter to the emperor. Xiaoduan died ofillness. A hundred days later, Emperor Wanli (Zhu Yijun) died too. EmpressXiaoduan, Emperor Wanli, and Empress Xiaojing were buried together in theUnderground Palace.

The tablet in front of Dingling has no words on it. It is called thewordless tablet. There is a pair of coiling dragons along the top and a patternof sea waves carved on the bottom. Its base is composed of a tortoise (Bixi). Itis said that the dragon has nine sons. In twelve of the Ming Tombs, excludingChangling, all the tablets are wordless. Originally there were no tablet housesin front of the Tombs, but later the tablet houses and steeles of the first sixtombs were completed. But the emperor Jiajing at the time indulged in drinking,lust and searching for longevity pills, so he had no time to pay attention onthe inscriptions. Consequently the six tablets are wordless. And in keeping withthis tradition, that’s why the tablets later on are also blank.

Now we are arriving at The Gate of Eminent Favor and the Hall of EminentFavor of Dingling, The Hall of Eminent Favor is also called Hall of Enjoyment.It was the place where the emperor and his entourage held grand sacrificialrites. They were mostly destroyed when the Qing soldiers came. And they weredestroyed again later, so now only the ruins remain.

Moving on, this is the exhibition rooms that were built after theexcavation of the Underground Palace. The exhibition explains in detail thehistory of the tomb master and introduces the tomb excavation process. Theexhibition rooms are divided into two parts, the south and the north. In thesouth room, on display are the sacrificial objects of Emperor Wanli unearthedfrom the Underground Palace. In the north room, on display are the sacrificialitems of the two empresses. All of then are fancy and invaluable.

Now we arrive at The Soul Tower, this is the symbol of the tomb. It is astone structure with colorful painted decorations. The Soul Tower and thePrecious citadel of Dingling have never been damaged seriously. The Soul Toweris the best preserved architecture above the ground of Dingling. On top of theyellow, glazed tiled roof of the Soul Tower sits a big stone tablet. Two Chinesecharacters----Dingling, are carved on the tablet. Inside the Soul Tower, on topof another stone tablet, there are two big characters----the Great Ming writtenin seal characters. On the body of the tablet, seven Chinese characters-----Tombof Emperor Shenzong Xian are carved. The Soul Tower is connected with thePrecious Citadel. The Precious Citadel is a large round wall built with bricks.The Precious Citadel wall is 7.5 m high, and lower part is thick while the upperpart is thin. The round walls perimeter is over 800 meters, and inside the wallis a large artificial mound, the emperors tomb mound, known as Precious Top.

Dingling is the only Ming Tomb to be excavated. Formal excavation workstarted in May 1956 and ended in 1958. First, the working personnel discoveredan exposed gateway at the side wall to the southwest of the Precious Citadel ofDingling. So they dug the first tunnel facing the position of the gateway. Atthe bottom of the tunnel, they discovered a tunnel made of bricks. Three monthslater, along the direction of the tunnel, to the west of the Soul Tower, theydug the second tunnel. During the digging, they encountered with a stone tabletwhich inscribed the words from here 48. 8m forward and 10. 7m downward lies theprecious wall. Therefore it gave the correct direction of opening up theUnderground Palace.

According to the direction of the stone tablet, after digging the thirdtunnel, they found a stone tunnel. At last they got to the precious wall. Thusthey opened the precious wall with a square stone room. To the west end of theroom, lay two marble doors. The working personnel used a wire and wood plank toremove the self-acting stone bar, which was against the back of the door. Withthis method, they opened the entrance of the Underground Palace.

The palace has no beam which was built according to the principles ofgeomancy Altogether there are five chambers. The chambers are separated by sevenmarble doors. The Underground Palace is 27 meters deep, covering an area of1,195 square meters. There is a same structure stone door in between the front,middle and rear chambers. The door is made of marble. The biggest marble door is3. 3 meters high, 1.7 meters wide, 4 tons in weight. It looks heavy, but it isreasonably designed. The pivot of the stone door is inclined to the door axle,so the door is easy to open and close. On top of the door is a lintel (made ofbronze) tube weighing about 10 tons to prevent the door from falling. Carved onthe front of the marble door are 9 rows of 81 knobs and strange animals withrings in their mouths. Located on the reverse side, opposite the animals, is aprotruding section that holds the doors self-acting stone bar.

The front and middle chambers are 7. 2 meters high and 6 meters wide. Thefloor is covered with gold bricks. According to records, the gold bricks aresmooth and durable. The more you polish them, the brighter they become. Thereare no decorations in the front and two annex chambers. In the middle chamber,there are three marble thrones for Emperor Wanli and his two Empresses, known asthe precious thrones. In the front of the thrones, there are five yellow glazedofferings and one blue-and-white porcelain jar of Jiajing Years style with acloud-and-dragon design. It is about 0.7 meters in diameter. Originally therewas sesame oil in the jar. On the surface of the oil was a copper tube with awick inside. It is called the everlasting lamp. Due to the lack of oxygen, thelight went out so the oil had not been used all.

The rear chamber is the biggest of the three. It is 9.5 meters high, 31meters long, 9.l meters wide, the floor is paved with polished stones. In therear chamber, there is a coffin platform edged with white marble. Placed on theplatform are the coffins of Emperor Wanli and his two Empresses as well as 26vermilion boxes filled with funeral objects.

In the middle of the coffin platform, there is a rectangular hole filledwith soil called Gold Well. Putting jade stone around the coffin or inside thecoffin or in the mouth of the deceased is called being buried with jade. Ancientpeople believed Gold Well was the pit of geomancy. It could prevent the bodyfrom decay for a long time. Being buried with jade on a Gold Well was thehighest standard of entombment one could receive in the feudal era.

Originally the empresss coffin should have been placed in the rear chamber.Then why were the coffins of the two empresses also in the same chamber as theemperors? In 1620, first empress Xiaoduan died in April, then in July EmperorWanli also died. After that, the son of Zhu Changluo died 29 days after hissuccession. In only a few months, two emperors and one empress had died insuccession. In addition they had removed Empress Xiaojings coffin to Dingling.All the burdens of the funeral burials fell on the just enthroned Emperor ZhuYoujian. The preparation work was done in a hurried fashion (this was clearlyrecorded in historical documents). The rainy season had already arrived beforethe funeral could occur and the passage leading to the empress annex chamber maynot have been convenient to open. So the coffins of the emperor, empresses allentered the Underground Palace through the front entrance. After the coffinsentered the Underground Palace, since the passage to the annex chambers werenarrow, the coffins of the empresses would not fit through it. So they had toput all the three coffins together into the rear chamber.

Now please follow me out of the underground palace. And our tour for todayis completed. I hope you have found our time together informative and enjoyable.We now have half an hour for a rest, and then we will get together here at4:00pm. Thank you.

各位游客，大家早上好，欢迎大家随我从五大道游客服务中心出发，步行来游览五大道风景区，很荣幸担任这次的导游工作，我叫，大家叫我小X就可以了，在我旁边的这位司机师傅姓X，有着多年的驾驶经验，今天就由我和X师傅一同为大家服务，如果在此期间，您有什么问题或是困难，请尽管提出来，我会尽量帮您解决的。希望我的讲解，可以让您更加的了解和喜爱这和地方。

我们今天游览的“五大道”凝聚了近代中国百年的历史风云，已经成为天津小洋楼的代名词了。提起小阳楼，上海、青岛、厦门、武汉都有很多，但比起来，天津却是现存最多、保存最好、最为集中也是最出名的。其中，有一条重要原因，就是居住在其中的人不同寻常。天津租界的划定始于清咸丰十年(1860年)在外国殖民者的胁迫下，清政府屈服，签订了《北京条约》，天津被迫开埠，英国、法国、美国、德国、日本、奥地利、意大利、俄国、比利时就过相继在天津开辟租界地。(天津被迫成为通商口岸的时间和条约，以及九国租界分别是哪几个?)

“五大道”位于市中心的和平区，坐落于成都道以南，马场道以北，西康路以东，马场道与南京路以西的，一片长方形地区，共有22条道路，总长17公里，总面积1.28平方公里。名为五大道，实为六条道，分别为马场道、睦南道、大理道、常德道、重庆道、成都道。在这里有代表性的小洋楼就有230幢，较多的有英式89所，意式41所，庭院式46所，公寓式40所等等，堪称“万国建筑博览会”。

接下来大家请随我一同游览五大道，现在我们来到就是重庆道114号金邦平的旧居了，小洋楼是一个英式建筑，它的特点是红顶的瓦片，就是上面开有天窗，这是英式建筑的主要特点。金邦平曾任耀华中学的校长，这里已经成为办公用房。

我们继续往前走就来到了鸟语花香的睦南公园，睦南公园最早是英国人的苗圃，这里的花都是天津市市花月季花，这个公园的月季花全开的时候大概有一百多种。整个公园呈中西合璧式的，在这里有一个非常欧式化的长廊和中式化的八角凉亭。所以呈现出一个中西合璧式的景象。

我们现在走的就是五大道中最长的一条道路——马场道，因通往英国人的跑马场而得名，全长3216米。据不完全统计，在20世纪二三十年代就曾居住过两任总统，七任国务院总理或代理总理，还有数十位督军、市长等。美国第31任总统胡佛，在这也都有房产。我们现在来到的是马场道123号，海军总长刘冠雄的故居。此建筑非常奇特，就像一副望远镜一样。马场道121号，是马场道上唯一一个西班牙的建筑，始建于1920xx年，是英国商人——达文士的故居。现在看到的就是位于马场道117号的——外国语大学，此校原为工商大学，也曾是北疆博物院即天津自然博物馆的前身，创办人为法国学着黎桑。属于重要节点，可展开讲解。

我们继续往前走，现在我们来到的是大理道66号原居住的就是实业家——孙震芳的故居。因字润之，曾在此居住过，现在改名为润园。此建筑为西班牙建筑，此建筑的特点就是墙面上的拉毛式的波纹了。现在我们来到的就是大理道57号这座英式建筑就是“潜伏谍报博物馆”，其低调的风格反而让这座特殊的博物馆更显神秘。

接下来我们游览的是五大道上最漂亮的一条道——睦南道。睦南道28号是天津八大家之一李后人——李书福的旧居，此建筑为古典主义风格，是五大道上保存最为完好的原貌建筑之一。

我们现在来到的是五大道上最有名的一栋小洋楼——庆王府。庆王府是五大道上唯一的一座王府，位于重庆道55号，是一座部结构的中西合璧式楼房。1920xx年，清室第四代和硕亲王王载振，在天津寻找一处安宁舒适的宅邸，看中了小德张这套宅院。1920xx年冯玉祥发动“北京政变”，蒋逊帝溥仪赶出紫禁城。载振也从庆王府举家移居天津，直至1947年71岁的四世庆王在此病故。现在为高级私人会所。

到这里我们的游览就结束了，在这里大家随我看到了各式各样的小洋楼，相信这些也给您留下来深刻的印象。如有照顾不周的地方还请您多多原谅，谢谢大家对我的支持和配合，最后祝大家身体健康，工作顺利!

你好，欢迎来到云南野生动物园。现在，就有我，来为你介绍这里吧!

现在呈现在你面前的是来在东北的东北虎，它们的皮毛呈白黄色，有着华丽的斑纹。应长期在雪地里捕食，很难被猎物发现。

瞧!这是来在拉丁美洲的羊驼!羊驼又称草泥马，性格温顺，喜欢结队觅食。“这是怎么回事?”我惊奇的叫道。有一只绵羊居然待在待在羊驼的棚子里?!

看过了羊驼，就该到猴山了。快看!一只蜘蛛猴正抱着它的小蜘蛛猴呢!再看看这边，这是。这是金丝猴，它的嘴唇厚厚的，脸有点淡蓝色呢!走了那么久，终于走到了游览车站啦!我乘着游览车，一路饱览风光，可享受了。哦~到站了，我们现在正在鸟天堂这，请跟我来吧!

在我左手边的是欧洲美丽的天鹅。天鹅在鸟世界里被称为鸟中君子。在我右手边的是大嘴巴鹈鹕。鹈鹕捕食的样子可搞笑了，一头栽进水里，一口气捞上数十只鱼。

再往前走，就到了狮子山庄了。把头往下一抬，只见两只雌狮在左右徘徊这，好像有什么心事似的。在两只雌狮的前头，有一个小土丘，上面有一直雄狮正在睡午觉呢!还不时打个大大哈切。

4点到了。游完了动物园，你是不是很满足呢?那是肯定的吧。希望你今天过的开心，下次再见了，拜拜。